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Eccles, Ambrose, a commentator and arranger of Shakspere, was born in Ireland in the course of the 18th century. He received a college education, and devoted himself to literary pursuits, publishing editions of Cymbeline (1793), Lear (1703), Merchant of Venice (1805). The Biographia Dramatica says: "Each volume contains not only notes and illustrations of various commentators, with remarks by the editor, but the several critical and historical essays that have appeared at different times respecting each piece." The Annual Register styles him " a profound scholar, a perfect gentleman; he was an ornament to society." He died at his seat at Cronroe, Wicklow, where he had spent the latter part of his life, in 1809.

Edgeworth, Richard Lovell, was born at Bath in 1744; his father was the head of a family which had been settled in Ireland since 1583, and had given its name to Edgeworthstown, in Longford. When but seven years of age he exhibited extraordinary precocity in scientific knowledge. He was educated by the Rev. Patrick Hughes, who had taught Goldsmith, and when about seventeen entered Trinity College. Most of his time there was spent in mechanical studies and experiments. In 1763 he married a Miss Elers (a runaway match, and not a happy one). For discoveries in telegraphy and mechanics, the Society of Arts presented him with both silver and gold medals. For some time, about 1771, leaving his wife behind in England, he resided upon the Continent, chiefly at Lyons, where he took an active part in works then in progress for diverting the courses of the Rhone and Saone. The death of his wife recalled him to England. During her lifetime he had become attached to Honoria Sneyd, whom he married in the year 1773. They settled at Edgeworthstown. This union was in every way happy, but was of short duration. Upon Honoria's death, he married her sister Elizabeth in 1780 - marriage with a deceased wife's sister being then legal. His most intimate friends were Thomas Day, the eccentric author of Sandford and Merton, and Dr. Erasmus Darwin, the botanist. Mr. Edgeworth was one of the original members of the Royal Irish Academy, and one of its most active supporters. He threw himself with ardour into the Volunteer movement, and was particularly earnest on the question of Reform. Although somewhat disapproving of the principles upon which the Rotunda Convention was called, he gave to its deliberations the weight of his authority and influence, believing that parliamentary reform was necessary for the salvation of Ireland. In 1798 he entered Parliament, and during the Insurrection bore his protest against the severity of the measures taken by the Government for its suppression. At the time of the French landing at Killala, he scandalized most of his friends by admitting Catholics into the ranks of the Volunteer corps for the defence of the country. He personally approved of the project of Union, but voted against it because he saw that the feeling of the country was opposed to it, and because of the means by which the passage of the measure was urged. After the Union, he retired from politics, and devoted himself mainly to the question of National Education. A year after the death of his third wife in 1797, he married a Miss Beaufort. During the peace of Amiens he visited France with his family, where his labours at Lyons, and a work written by him in French on the construction of mills, led to his reception as a member into the Soci6te d'Encouragement pour Industrie Nationale. During his residence in Paris, he was suddenly ordered to leave within twenty-four hours, the Government supposing him to be brother of the Abbe Edgeworth. He retired to Passy, and thence sent a memorial to the First Consul, informing him of his independent position, clear of all political parties, and of being no nearer relation than cousin to the Abbe. Napoleon is said to have disavowed the action of the officials, saying that, far from its being a crime, it was an honour to belong to the family of that faithful and courageous ecclesiastic. Returning to Ireland, he betook himself again to his scientific pursuits. In 1804 he established for Government a system of telegraphic communication between Dublin and Galway, by which, in clear weather, a signal could be transmitted both ways in eight minutes. In 1806 he formed one of a commission appointed to enquire into the system of National Education. In 1809 he reported favourably on the possibility of draining the bogs. Subsequently he experimented upon the aid given to horses by the use of spring vehicles. He died at Edgeworthstown, the 13th June 1817, aged about 73, and was buried there. [His widow, Frances Anne, survived till 10th February 1865, and died at Edgeworthstown.] His mind was clear and vigorous, he had much logical precision, and was impartial in his judgments. In private life he was sincere and amiable. His conversation was inexhaustible - profound or light, according to the subject, and always arousing attention and satisfying curiosity. In his scientific explorations, he sought truth rather than distinction, and more than once his inventions were appropriated and published by others as their own, without any protest on his part. Of his twenty-one children, twelve survived him. His writings were principally in conjunction with his daughter Maria, and were often published under her name.

Edgeworth, Maria, daughter of preceding by his first marriage, was born at Hare Hatch,near Reading,in Berkshire, 1st January 1767. Her early life was spent with her maternal aunts in England; but upon her father's second marriage, in 1773, he took her with him to Ireland. Her step-mother was all to her that the most affectionate mother could have been, but as Mrs. Edgeworth's health began to fail in 1778, Maria was placed at a school in Derby. Her father paid much attention to her education, corresponding with her, and suggesting subjects for short essays and stories. In 1780 she was removed to a fashionable London school, where she was put through the rigid routine of accomplishments customary at the time. She exhibited much talent for languages, writing her Italian and French exercises for the quarter in advance. In 1782 she returned home, and the ennobling influences of the period in Ireland were not without their effect upon her character. She wrote much in conjunction with her father, and together they prepared some pieces for publication, which were held back until after the death of their friend Mr. Day, in deference to his prejudices against female authorship. Much was written at this period that afterwards appeared in the Parent's Assistant and Early Lessons. Maria Edgeworth first came before the public in 1795 in her Letters for Literary Ladies, Practical Education, the joint production of father and daughter, was published in 1798. She struck into her peculiar vein of novel-writing in 1800, in Castle Rackrent Its success was triumphant. In 1802 appeared the Essay on Irish Bulls, another joint production. During the peace of Amiens she with her father and family visited Paris. Her account of their travels is lively and sensible; they were introduced to Kosciusko, Madame de Genlis, and Madame d'Houdetot (Rousseau's Julie), and other celebrities. Whilst in Paris she received a proposal of marriage from M. Edelcrantz, a Swedish gentleman : it cannot be doubted that she was somewhat attached to him, that she refused him from feelings of duty, and that the suppression of her real sentiments is reflected in her after works, where the obligation of subordination of feeling to duty is so often descanted upon. Ennui and Leonora were afterwards written, as was said, in the style her lover preferred, and with the desire that he should think favourably of them. She fortunately returned home before the declaration of war. Her eldest brother Lovell was stopped on his journey from Geneva to Paris, and detained prisoner until the peace in 1814. Her publications now followed each other in rapid succession, and she became widely and deservedly known as an authoress. Byron, in one of his letters, says that while he had been the lion of 1812, Miss Edgeworth and Madame de Stael were the exhibitions of the succeeding year - "She was a nice little unassuming Jeannie Deans-looking body, and if not handsome, certainly not ill-looking. Her conversation was as quiet as herself. One would never have guessed she could write her name; whereas her father talked, not as if he could write nothing else, but as if nothing else was worth writing." Her father's death in 1817 was a severe blow to her. His Memoirs, completed and published by her, were so severely handled in the Quarterly Review, that she followed her friend Dumont's advice, and never even looked at the article. After this she indulged in a long-projected visit to Paris with two younger sisters by her father's fourth marriage, and they were settled at the Place du Palais Bourbon, 29th April 1820. Their relationship to the Abbe Edgeworth was now a passport to the best society. Some time was spent in Switzerland, a sojourn at Geneva being especially enjoyed. Miss Edgeworth was warmly received by Madame de Stael, Decandolle, and many others who then resided there. Thomas Moore, about this time, thus writes of her appearance in society: "The moment anyone begins to speak, off she starts too, seldom more than a sentence behind them, and in general contrives to distance every speaker. Neither does what she says, though of course very sensible, make up for this over activity of tongue." Scott's estimate of her a few years later was different: "It is scarcely possible to say more of this very" remarkable person than that she not only completely answered, but exceeded, the expectations which I had formed. I am particularly pleased with the naivete and good-humoured ardour of her mind, which she unites with such formidable powers of acute observation." George Ticknor described her in 1834 as " a small, short, spare lady of about 6y, with extremely frank and kind manners, and who always looks straight into your face with a pair of mild, deep grey eyes, whenever she speaks to you." In London we find her spending a morning in Newgate with Mrs. Fry, receiving Sir Humphry Davy, being taken by Whitbread to the House of Commons, and finishing by a visit to Almack's. The latter part of her long life was spent at Edgeworthstown. She continued vigorous to the last, and died rather suddenly of heart disease, 22nd May 1849, aged 82. It is said that she left many unpublished works in MS. Her literary labours were not profitable; and she never realized for the best of her tales a third of the sum given for Waverley, yet Waverley was called the Scotch Castle Rackrent, and Scott admitted that he was inspired to write his national tales from a perusal of her Irish sketches. Her Harry and Lucy and other children's books are amongst the best fruits of her genius. "All are agreed in ranking amongst her qualities, the finest powers of observation; the most penetrating good sense; a high moral tone consistently maintained; inexhaustible fertility of invention; firmness and delicacy of touch; undeviating rectitude of purpose; varied and accurate knowledge; a clear flexible style; exquisite humour; and extraordinary mastery of pathos. What she wants - what she could not help wanting with her matter-of-fact understanding and practical turn of mind - are poetry, romance, passion, sentiment. In her judgment, the better part of life and conduct is discretion. She has not only no toleration for self-indulgence or criminal weakness; she has no sympathy with lofty, defiant, uncalculating heroism or greatness; she never snatches a grace beyond the reach of prudence; she never arrests us by scenes of melodramatic intensity, or hurries us along breathless by a rapid train of exciting incidents to an artistically prepared catastrophe." Miss Edgeworth was one of the four ladies who have been honorary members of the Royal Irish Academy - the others being, Miss Beaufort, Mrs. Somerville, and Miss Stokes.

Edgeworth, Henry Essex, Abbe, cousin of Richard L. Edgeworth, was born at Edgeworthstown in 1745. His father, Essex Edgeworth, "who took the name of "de Firmont" from a neighbouring hill (Fairy Mount), became a Catholic and emigrated to France when Henry was but six years of age. The lad was educated for the priesthood at the Sorbonne, and after ordination became distinguished among the Parisian clergy for his talents and piety. In 1789 he was appointed confessor to Madame Elizabeth, and was justly esteemed the friend and adviser of the royal family. When Louis XVI. was condemned to the guillotine, he sent for the Abbe Edgeworth, then in concealment at Choisy, who immediately repaired to his master. The Abbe attended the unfortunate King to the scaffold, 21st January 1793, and has left a minute account of the execution. He makes no mention of the exclamation usually attributed to him as the knife fell - "Son of St. Louis, ascend to heaven !" After encountering many dangers, he escaped to England in 1796, where he is stated to have declined a pension offered him by Pitt. He afterwards joined Louis XVIII. at Blankenburg, and accompanied him to Mittau. He was from time to time intrusted with several important missions for the Bourbons. He fell a victim to a virulent fever, caught in his ministrations amongst French prisoners of war at Mittau, and died 22nd May 1807, aged about 62. In his last moments he was attended by the Princess, daughter of Louis XVI.; the exiled French royal family went into mourning, and Louis XVIII. composed his epitaph.

Edmundson, William, the father of Quakerism in Ireland, was born at Little Musgrove, Westmoreland, in 1627. He served as a trooper under Cromwell through the campaigns in England and Scotland. In 1652 he left the army, married, joined his brother, also a Parliamentary trooper, in Ireland, and opened a shop at Antrim. His mind had long been deeply exercised in religious matters, and in 1653, while in England purchasing goods, he was convinced of the truth of the doctrines of the Society of Friends by the preaching of James Naylor. Shortly after his return in 1654, he and his brother, his wife, and others whom he had converted, held at Lisburn the first meeting of that society in Ireland. In consequence of his preaching, and that of George Fox and other expounders of the doctrines of Quakerism, the Society of Friends gained many converts in Ireland, chiefly among the English colonists of the Cromwellian settlement. Meetings were established at Dublin, Londonderry, Cork, Waterford, and Charleville, in 1655; at Mountmellick, in 1659; Wexford and Athlone, in 1668; and at other places, in some of which the Society is now no longer represented. After some years' sojourn in Antrim, he removed to Rosenallis, near Mountmellick. While earning a maintenance for his family, much of his life was devoted to preaching and religious labours at home and abroad. The peculiarities of the Society of Friends - their objection to military service, to oaths, and the sacraments, their refusal to uncover the head as a mark of respect except to God, and their adherence to the use of "thee" and "thou" to all men-subjected William Edmundson and his friends to much persecution. He was imprisoned, without any crime being laid to his charge, no fewer than seven times in the course of his life. The particulars are often too painful for relation. He paid three religious visits to the West Indies and America - in 1671, 1675, 1683 - upon the first occasion in company with George Fox. During the War of 1689-91 his sufferings, and those of the other Friends in Ireland, were very great. Friends were especially the victims of the depredations of the rapparees, or Irish irregular troops, who were disposed to regard with little favour the occupants, however inoffensive, of the lands once held by their ancestors. William Edmundson made great exertions to relieve the general distress prevalent in Ireland at the time, and his personal appeal to James II. was not without result. His latter days were spent peaceably at Rosenallis, where he died, 31st August 1712, aged 84. He was twice married. His grave may be seen at the Friends' burial-ground, Rosenallis, and his Bible, the companion of so many of his wanderings, is in the possession of his descendants. His Journal, published in Dublin in 1715, is one of the most valuable contributions to the literature of his society.

Egan, John, Chairman of Kilmainham, was born, probably about 1750, at Charleville, County of Cork, where his father was a Church clergyman. He entered Trinity College as a sizar, studied law in London, and after his return home married a widow lady of some fortune. In March 1789 he entered Parliament as member for Ballinakill; and from 1790 to the period of the Union, sat for Tullagh. He was a noted duellist. A contemporary account says: "In person he much resembles Fox; in manner he is rough, boisterous, and overbearing." He once fought with his intimate friend, Curran, fortunately without serious consequences. Egan complained of the great advantage his size gave to his adversary: "I'll tell you what, Mr. Egan," said Curran, "I wish to take no advantage of you whatever. Let my size be chalked out on your side, and I am quite content that every shot which hits outside that mark should go for nothing." In after life there were few of his old friends of whom Curran was accustomed to speak with greater affection than of Egan. In 1799 he was appointed Chairman of Kilmainham. His means were by that time reduced, and the post was then almost his only source of income. The office depended upon Government favour, and it was intimated that his support of the Union would lead to further advancement. As the final debate on the question proceeded, it was seen that he was writhing under conflicting emotions; at length he rose, delivered a furious speech against the Union, and sat down exclaiming: "Ireland - Ireland for ever! and damn Kilmainham!" He died, it is said in poverty, May 1810, aged about 60. A writer in Notes and Queries, 2nd Series, suggests that Egan was the author of a number of letters on political characters of the day, that appeared during his life-time in the Dublin Evening Post, signed "Junius Hibernicus."

Elliott, Charles, D.D., a Methodist divine, was born at Killybegs, 6th May 1792. He studied in Dublin, emigrated to the United States in 1814, and was received into the travelling connexion of the Ohio Conference in 1818. In 1822 he was Superintendent of the Wyandotte Mission, Upper Sandusky; was subsequently, for five years, Presiding Elder of the Ohio district, and was in 1827-'31 Professor of Languages in Madison College, Uniontown, Pennsylvania. Stationed at Pittsburg in 1831, he was Presiding Elder of that district, and he afterwards edited some religious papers, latterly at Cincinnati, where he remained till 1848. He was the President of the Iowa Wesleyan Union for some years, and was the author of numerous important works, principally connected with the history of Wesleyanism. He died at Mountpleasant, Iowa, 6th January 1869, aged 76.

Elrington, Thomas, Bishop of Ferns, was born near Dublin in December 1760. At the age of fourteen he entered Trinity College, and soon distinguished himself as a mathematician, gaining a fellowship when but twenty years of age. In 1792 he engaged in a controversy arising out of one of Archbishop Troy's pastorals. In 1811 he was appointed Provost, in which capacity he exhibited judgment and firmness in repressing disorders and sustaining the discipline of the College. In 1820 he was consecrated Bishop of Limerick, and two years after was translated to Ferns. He died at Liverpool of paralysis, said to have been induced by sea-sickness, 12th July 1835, aged about 75. He was interred in the College Chapel, Dublin. As a bishop he is said to have been strict in discipline, yet munificent, hospitable, and kind, and beloved by all. His edition of Euclid is well known and much esteemed. He also edited for the use of Trinity College, Dublin, Locke on Government, and an expurgated edition of Juvenalis et Persius. Cotton gives a list of twenty-nine publications from his pen-many in defence of the Establishment against the attacks of "J. K. L." and others. He is referred to in Castlereagh's Memoirs under date of February 1799, as seeking for permission to break the rule of celibacy then enjoined on the Senior Fellows of Trinity College. His son Charles Richard Elrington was Regius Professor of Divinity in Trinity College.

Emmet, Thomas Addis, M.D., Barrister-at-law, a leading United Irishman, son of Dr. Robert Emmet, State Physician, was born in Cork, 24th April 1764. He was educated at the school of Mr. Kerr, and entered Trinity College in 1778. His career there gave ample promise of future eminence. Upon taking out his degree he proceeded to Edinburgh, where he devoted himself with ardour to medical studies, and formed lasting friendships with Sir James Mackintosh and Dugald Stewart. He was at one time the president of no fewer than five societies - literary, scientific, and medical - formed among his fellow-students. He remained in Edinburgh the winter after his graduation, visited some of the principal schools of medicine in Great Britain, and afterwards travelled through Germany, France, and Italy. On his way home, news reached him of the death of his elder brother Temple, a young barrister of great promise. At his father's desire, and by the advice of Mackintosh, he immediately relinquished medicine, read for two years at the Temple, and was admitted to the Irish Bar in Michaelmas Term, 1790. The following year he married Jane, daughter of the Rev. John Patten of Clonmel. The first case in which he distinguished himself was that of J. Napper Tandy against the Viceroy (the Earl of Westmoreland) and others, in which the validity of the Lord-Lieutenant's patent was contested, as having been granted under the great seal of England instead of under the Irish seal. Leonard McNally was one of Emmet's fellow-counsel, and there is every reason to believe betrayed all the pleadings to the Government. Emmet's speech attracted considerable attention, and a full report of the proceedings at the trial was published by the Society of United Irishmen. In September 1793 we find Emmet associated with the Sheareses and McNally, in the defence of a Mr. O'Driscoll, tried for seditious libel at the Cork assizes. In 1795 he appeared as counsel for persons charged with administering the United Irish oath, and to confirm his argument in favour of its legality, solemnly took it himself in open court. The next year, 1796, he began to take a prominent and leading part as a United Irishman. Possessed of private means, already earning £750 a year at the Bar, with a young family rising up round him, of domestic habits and irreproachable character, nothing but the clearest convictions of duty could have impelled him to range himself against the Government. Already, in 1792, he had joined the Catholic Committee, and Tone speaks of him as "the best of all the friends to Catholic Emancipation" except himself. In this service he had made no public display. The meeting with Russell and Tone, prior to the departure of the latter for America, took place at Emmet's house near Rathfarnham in 1795. In 1794 the Society was forcibly broken up; in the beginning of 1795 it was reorganized as a secret society, and in 1796 the military organization was engrafted on the civil. Upon O'Connor's arrest in 1797, Emmet took his place on the Directory. FitzGerald, O'Connor, and Jackson urged immediate action. Emmet, McCormick, and McNevin advocated the policy of waiting for French assistance. Emmet afterwards admitted that this dependence on French assistance was ultimately fatal, and that Bonaparte was the "worst enemy Ireland ever had." The Government, having allowed the plans of the Society to reach sufficient maturity, availed themselves of the services of Reynolds, the informer, and on the 12th March 1798 the deputies were arrested at Oliver Bond's, in Bridge-street. Emmet and others were taken at their houses, examined at the Castle, and after a few days committed to Newgate. There was no specific charge against Emmet, but he was rightly regarded as one of the most formidable opponents of the Government. Soon after his committal, his wife managed to visit him, and with the connivance of the jailers, and through her own determination and firmness, she was permitted to reside with him during the whole term of his incarceration of twelve months in Newgate and Kilmainham. Meanwhile, during the summer, abortive risings took place in different parts of the country, and after the engagements of Antrim, Ballinahinch, and Vinegar Hill in June, and the capitulation of Ovidstown on the 12th July, all hopes from insurrection were over. Blood now flowed in torrents, and with a view to arrest the slaughter, Emmet and other State-prisoners entered into an agreement with the Government, by which they bound themselves to disclose all the workings and plans of the association, without implicating persons, upon condition that the Government should stop the executions, and allow him and his companions to leave the country. Emmet's examination before Parliamentary Committees took place in August. He defended the policy of the United Irishmen, and showed that revolution was inevitable after the rejection of the moderate demands of the Irish people for reform in Parliament - demands that embraced Church disestablishment, Catholic emancipation, a national system of education, freedom of commerce, and a reform of the criminal code. In the course of his observations, he remarked: "I have no doubt that if they [the United Irishmen] could flatter themselves that the object next their hearts would be accomplished peaceably by a reform, they would prefer it infinitely to a revolution and republic." The gradual improvement of the condition of the people, in spite of evils complained of, being urged, he declared it was "post hoc sed non ex hoc." A study of these examinations will show the nature of the early claims of the United Irishmen, and on the other hand, how convinced Castlereagh and the Government were that the concession of reform was incompatible with "constitutional government." The Government, it is said, published a garbled report of these examinations; the State prisoners replied by advertisement in some of the papers. Upon the plea that this was a breach of faith, and in consequence of the objections of Rufus King, the American Minister in London, to the deportation of rebels to the United States, the Government altered its intentions (according to Emmet's account, broke faith), and on the 26th March 1799, after a year's imprisonment, Emmet, O'Connor, Neilson, and seventeen companions were embarked in the Aston Smith transport, landed at Gooroch on the 30th March, and imprisoned in Fort George, Inverness-shire. The governor, Stuart, was a humane man, and did all in his power to alleviate their confinement and mitigate the harsh orders of the Irish executive. About the close of 1800 Mrs. Emmet was permitted to join her husband, with her three boys, Robert, Thomas, and John. Their youngest child, Jane Erin, was born in Fort George. After three years' confinement, all the prisoners were liberated, and they landed in Holland, 4th July 1802. From this date, until October 1804, Emmet resided successively at Hamburg, Brussels, Paris, and on other parts of the Continent. He considered himself absolved from any promise of abstaining from action against the Government. In the end of September 1803 he received in Paris the news of his brother Robert's execution, and in the following December he had an interview with Bonaparte, and presented a memorial relative to an Irish expedition. Under the command of General MacSheehy, the United Irishmen in France formed themselves into a battalion, and prepared to take part in the invasion promised by the First Consul in a communication to Mr. Emmet, dated 13th December 1803. Their hopes for a time ran high, as active preparations for invasion went forward; but they were doomed to disappointment. In April 1804 Bonaparte's plans were changed, and on the 4th October Emmet embarked with all his family at Bordeaux for the United States. During his residence in France all who were nearest and dearest to him in Ireland had been swept away by death-father, mother, brother, and sister. His intention after landing was to settle in one of the western States, but friends who knew his abilities opened the way for his appearance at the New York Bar, and there his success and advancement were more rapid than he had dared to hope. From the first he accepted the States as his adopted country, he seldom referred to the past, and he was happy in his family and in the society of many of his old friends who had settled in New York. His first case was one in which he was employed by some members of the Society of Friends to secure the liberty of slaves who had escaped into New York. Dr. Madden quotes the following: "His effort is said to have been overwhelming. The novelty of his manner, the enthusiasm which he exhibited, his broad Irish accent, his pathos and violence of gesture, created a variety of sensations in the audience. His republican friends said that his fortune was made, and they were right." From the first he attached himself to the Republican party. His profession soon brought him in from $10,000 to $15,000 a year. That his opinions regarding Irish affairs remained unchanged, maybe gathered from an extract from a letter to a friend who in after years urged him to revisit Ireland: "I am too proud, when vanquished, to assist by my presence in gracing the triumph of the victor; and with what feelings should I tread on Irish ground? As if I were walking over graves - and those the graves of my nearest relations and dearest friends. No; I can never wish to be in Ireland, except in such a way as none of my old friends connected with the Government could wish to see me placed in. As to my children, I hope they will love liberty too much ever to fix a voluntary residence in an enslaved country." On Wednesday, the 14th November 1827 he was seized with an apoplectic fit in the United States Circuit Court of New York, and on being conveyed home, expired in the course of the night. The different courts were adjourned, and he was interred with every mark of public respect in St. Mark's Church, Broadway, New York, where a monolith, with inscriptions in English, Latin, and Irish, marks his resting place. Thomas A. Emmet was six feet tall, and stooped somewhat; his face wore a sedate, calm look; he was near-sighted, and used an eye-glass frequently. Pleasant and playful in his family circle, abroad he was courteous and polished, dignified and self-respecting, without anything approaching to arrogance or self-sufficiency. His widow survived him nineteen years, and died in New York, at the house of her son-in-law, Mr. Graves, on 10th November 1846, aged 71. Particulars of the other members of the Emmet family will be found in Madden's Lives of the United Irishmen, also in Notes and Queries, 3rd Series.

Emmet, Robert, brother of preceding, was born in Molesworth-street, Dublin, in 1778. Shortly after his birth his father removed to 109 Stephen's-green West (corner of Lamb-lane). There, and at Casino, his father's country place near Milltown, his early years were passed. He was sent to Oswald's school, in Dopping's-court, off Golden-lane; subsequently he was removed to Samuel White's seminary in Graf ton-street; and was afterwards put under the care of Rev. Mr. Lewis, of Camden-street. On 7th October 1793 he entered Trinity College. His college course, like his brother's, was brilliant. He exhibited great aptitude for the exact sciences, especially mathematics and chemistry. He took a prominent part in the Historical Society, and espoused the national side in the political debates. Thomas Moore, his fellow-student, thus describes his oratory: "I have heard little since that appeared to me of a loftier, or, what is a far more rare quality in Irish eloquence, purer character; and the effects it produced, as well from its own exciting power, as from the susceptibility with which his audience caught up every allusion to passing events, was such as to attract at last the serious attention of the Fellows; and by their desire one of the scholars, a man of advanced standing and reputation for oratory, came to attend our debates, expressly for the purpose of answering Emmet, and endeavouring to neutralize the impressions of his fervid eloquence." In April 1798 the Lord-Chancellor held a formal visitation for the purpose of inquiring into the extent of the sympathy with the United Irishmen existing in the College. Robert Emmet, on being summoned, wrote a letter to the Fellows requesting his name to be taken off the books, and indignantly denouncing the proposed proceedings. In this he is said to have had his father's approval. Some fervid writings by Moore and Counsellor Walsh (the author of Ireland Sixty Years Ago) were in truth the cause of this visitation. Emmet's professional prospects were now blighted; his brother, Thomas Addis, was in prison, and a warrant was out for his own arrest. We know little of his life for some years. Probably he acted occasionally as confidential agent for his brother and others of the United Irish leaders then in confinement. In 1800 he visited his brother Thomas in prison at Fort George, and passed on for a tour on the Continent-visiting Belgium, France, Switzerland, and Spain. On his way back he rested at Amsterdam, and met his brother, then released from confinement, at Brussels. Robert appears at this time to have been much engaged in the study of works on military science. The leading United Irishmen then on the Continent were resolved on renewing their efforts, in the event of a rupture between England and France - regarding the struggle in Ireland as only suspended. Napoleon gave positive written assurance of his intention to secure the independence of Ireland. In the autumn of 1802 Robert had interviews with Napoleon and Talleyrand, and was strongly impressed with the insincerity of the former, believing that if he did interfere in the affairs of Ireland, it would be merely to advance his own designs. The impression left on his mind by these interviews was that Napoleon would probably invade England in August 1803. He returned to Ireland in October 1802. The day before his departure from Paris, he dined in company with Lord Cloncurry and Surgeon Lawless. Lord Cloncurry afterwards related how Emmet spoke of his plans for a revolutionary movement in Ireland with a view to securing its independence "with extreme enthusiasm - his features glowed with excitement; the perspiration burst through the pores, and ran down his forehead." On arriving in Ireland, he at once took the lead in a plan for insurrection the following summer. He had about,£3,000 in cash, his own fortune, and some £1,400 advanced by a Mr. Long. His father and mother were then residing at Casino, and he remained there in seclusion for some weeks. In preparation for future possibilities, he formed hiding places between the floors at Casino, as he afterwards did at the house near Harold's-cross bridge where he was arrested. His father's death, in December 1802, left him more at liberty to pursue his plans. In the course of the spring he established depots of arms in Dublin, at Irish-town, Patrick-street, and at Marshalsea­lane, where about forty men were engaged in manufacturing pikes, gunpowder, rockets, and explosive materials. Emmet's arrangements included an attack on Dublin Castle and Pigeon-house Fort, and all the details of an elaborate system of street warfare were set down on paper. The better to conceal his plans, he, under the name of Ellis, took a farm-house in Butterfield-lane, near Rathfarnham. He was untiring in his exertions, corresponding with his friends in the surrounding districts, and superintending the depots, undismayed by failures or mischances - always firm, determined, and hopeful. His printed proclamations and plans of government were conceived in a lofty and generous spirit; life and property were to be respected, religious equality upheld, constituencies were to be represented in proportion to population, in the national government he contemplated. He had not intended his rising before August, when he expected Napoleon to invade England; but an explosion in Patrick-street depot on the 16th of July hastened the development of all his plans, and he took up his abode in the Marshalsea-lane depot. "There," says Dr. Madden, "he lay at night on a mattress, surrounded by all the implements of death, devising plans, turning over in his mind all the fearful chances of the intended struggle, well knowing that his life was at the mercy of upwards of forty individuals, who had been or still were employed in the depots; yet con­fident of success, exaggerating its prospects, extenuating the difficulties which beset him, judging of others by himself, thinking associates honest who seemed to be so, confiding in their promises, and animated, or rather inflamed, by a burning sense of the wrongs of his country, and enthusiastic in his devotion to what he considered its rightful cause." He now fixed upon Saturday 23rd July for carrying his schemes into execution. The morning of that day found him and his companions divided in their plans. Consultations were held at the depot in Thomas-street, at Long's in Crow-street, and Allen's in College-green. The Wicklow men under Dwyer had not come in; the Kildare men came in, but dispersed at five in the afternoon through some misunderstanding; a contingent of 250 from Wexford were at hand, but without definite orders; so it was with a large body assembled at the Broadstone. "There is one grand point," remarked Emmet, "no leading Catholic is committed - we are all Protestants, and their cause will not be compromised." At length, about nine in the evening, when Emmet was confused, heart-sick, and desperate, a report was brought that the military were in motion against them. "If that be the case, we may as well die in the street as cooped up here," he remarked, and putting on a uniform, he distributed arms, sent up a rocket to call in the country contingents, and at the head of about one hundred men sallied out of Marshalsea-lane into Thomas-street, and directed his steps towards the Castle, crying, as he drew his sword, "Come on, my boys." The stragglers in the rear soon perpetrated acts of pillage and assassination - Lord Kilwarden, a humane and popular judge (hastening to a Privy Council at the Castle), was dragged out of his coach and murdered. News of these proceedings reached Emmet, and he hastened back in horror; but the mob were beyond control, and conscious at last that all was over, he hastened out to Rathfarnham. There was some desultory fighting in Thomas-street and on the Coombe, where Colonel Browne and several soldiers were killed. In less than an hour the rout of Emmet's party was complete. Troops were now poured into Dublin, within a few hours martial-law was proclaimed, and the executions and the reign of terror that followed 1798 recommenced. Meanwhile his friend Russell had as completely failed in his efforts to rouse an insurrection in the north of Ireland. Emmet and a few companions remained at Butterfield-lane for nearly two days; and then, hearing that the house was to be searched, fled to the mountains. The father of their servant Anne Devlin procured horses, and accompanied them. A few days afterwards, Anne Devlin went up to the mountains with letters, and found Emmet and his friends sitting outside a cabin still in their uniforms, as they had been unable to procure other clothes. In all probability he might have escaped to France, had he not insisted upon returning with Anne Devlin for the purpose of taking leave of Sarah Curran, daughter of John Philpot Curran, to whom he was engaged. He concealed himself at the house of a Mrs. Palmer, at Harold's-cross, and while there drew up a paper for transmission to Government, in the hope that it would stop the prosecutions and executions. His hiding-place was not discovered until 25th August, when he was arrested by Major Sirr, about seven o'clock in the evening. We are yet unacquainted with the name of his betrayer - to whom,£1,000 was paid over on 1st November ensuing. Emmet was at once taken to the Castle, and thence removed to Kilmainham. Vigorous but ineffectual efforts were made to procure his escape. His trial for high treason came on at Green-street on 19th September. It is stated that he had previously offered to plead guilty if the Government would return to him an intercepted letter to Sarah Curran. The proceedings occupied but one day. Burrowes, his leading counsel, has often related that whenever he attempted to disconcert any Government witness, Emmet would interpose with: "No, no; the man's speaking truth;" and when Burrowes was about to avail himself of the privilege of reply, at the close of the case for the Crown, Emmet whispered: "Pray do not attempt to defend me; it is all in vain." The jury brought in a verdict of guilty. Robert Emmet's speech before sentence has often been remarked upon as one of the most thrilling pieces of oratory delivered under like circumstances. He was repeatedly interrupted in its delivery by Lord Norbury, the presiding judge, who conducted the trial in a spirit of great harshness towards the prisoner. Dr. Madden says: "No published report gives any adequate idea of the effect its delivery produced on the minds of his auditors. Emmet pronounced the speech in so loud a voice as to be distinctly heard at the outer doors of the court-house; and yet, though he spoke in a loud voice, there was nothing boisterous in its delivery, or forced or affected in his manner; his accents and cadence of voice, on the contrary, were exquisitely modulated. His action was very remarkable; its greater or lesser vehemence corresponded with the rise and fall of his voice." The trial closed at half-past ten o'clock at night, by a sentence of death, to be carried into effect next day. He was immediately heavily ironed, and placed in a cell in Newgate, hard by the court, and at mid­night was removed to Kilmainham. He spent part of the night in writing a long letter to his brother, explaining and justifying his conduct. (This letter was never delivered. Many years afterwards its contents reached Thomas Addis Emmet through the press.) His last hours were spent in religious exercises and conversation with his friends. He rejoiced on hearing of the death of his mother a few days previously, as he hoped the sooner to meet her in the other world. He declared his political principles to be unchanged. About noon he wrote a letter to Richard Curran respecting his love for his sister Sarah. He had already during the night written to the father, justifying his engagement with his daughter. About one o'clock he was conveyed under a strong guard to Thomas-street, where, at the corner of the pavement by St. Catherine's Church, a scaffold had been erected. He ascended the steps with firmness, and addressed the crowd in a sonorous voice: "My friends, I die in peace and with sentiments of universal love and kindness towards all men." The halter was then placed round his neck, the plank on which he stood was tilted from beneath him, and after hanging a few minutes the head was severed from the body, and held up to the crowd. (This was 20th September 1803; he was aged 24.) His remains, first interred in Bully's-acre, near Kilmainham Hospital, are said to have been afterwards removed either to St. Michan's or to old Glasnevin churchyard. In his speech before sentence he had made the request: "Let no man write my epitaph; for as no man who knows my motives dares now vindicate them, let not prejudice nor ignorance asperse them. Let them rest in obscurity and peace: my memory be left in oblivion, and my tomb remain uninscribed, until other times and other men can do justice to my character. When my country takes her place among the nations of the earth, then, and not till then, let my epitaph be written." Robert Emmet is described as slight in person; his features were regular, his forehead high, his eyes bright and full of expression, his nose sharp, thin, and straight, the lower part of his face slightly pock-pitted, his complexion sallow. All with whom he came in contact were impressed with the sincerity of his convictions. The uniform in which he arrayed himself on the day of the rising (a green coat with white facings, white breeches, top-boots, and a cocked hat with feathers) has in Ireland become historical. Emmet was the author of several pieces of poetry, which will be found in his memoir by Dr. Madden. Sarah Curran, cruelly disowned by her father for her attachment to Emmet, was kindly received into the family of Mr. Penrose, a member of the Society of Friends residing near Cork, and two years afterwards (24th November 1805) married Captain Sturgeon, nephew of the Marquis of Rockingham, and accompanied him to the Mediterranean. Before her return to the United Kingdom she gave birth to a child, whose early death hastened a decline that seized her. She died at Hythe in Kent, 5th May 1808. Her father is stated to have refused a last request that she might be buried with a favourite sister in the lawn of his residence, the Priory, Rathfarnham, and she was interred with her ancestors, at Newmarket, County of Cork.

England, John, Bishop of Carolina and Georgia, was born in Cork, 23rd September 1786. He entered Carlow College in 1803, and while there founded a female penitentiary, and poor schools for both sexes. Admitted to orders at Cork in 1808, he was soon appointed Lecturer at the North Chapel and Chaplain of the prisons. There he edited a religious magazine, and distinguished himself in the cause of Catholic Emancipation. The courage of his utterance more than once brought him before the courts; on one occasion he was fined,£500. After filling other appointments, he was in 1817 made parish priest of Brandon. In 1820 he was appointed Bishop of Carolina and Georgia, and settled at Charleston, South Carolina. There he established the Catholic Miscellany, the first Catholic paper in the United States, and otherwise exerted himself to extend Catholicism. His writings in favour of slavery attracted considerable attention. In 1832 he travelled in Europe, and spent some time in Rome, when the Pope appointed him Legate to Hayti. He died at Charleston, 11th April 1842, aged 55. His works were published in 5 vols. 8vo. in 1849.

England, Sir Richard, Lieutenant-General, one who advanced the early colonization of western portions of Upper Canada, was born at Liffbrd, County of Clare. As Captain in the 47th Regiment of British troops, he was wounded at Bunker's Hill. He served with distinction through the American Revolutionary war, and at one time was Commandant of Detroit. He died 7th November 1812.

English, William, Rev., was born at Newcastle, County of Limerick. He began life as a schoolmaster at Castletownroche and Charleville, and afterwards entered the Augustinian order. He had already become celebrated as a Gaelic poet. His writings contain several allusions to the Pretender. Perhaps his best known piece is "Cashel of Munster," excellently translated by Samuel Ferguson. He died in Cork, 13th January 1778, where he was buried in St. John's churchyard.

Ensor, George, a voluminous writer, was born in Dublin in 1769. His first publication, The Principles of Morality, appeared in 1801; a Refutation of Malchus, in 1818. He died in 1843. His work On the Defects of English Laws and Tribunals is styled by a legal critic "A rambling, desultory, fault-finding, ill-digested volume, in which the author finds little to praise, and much to blame."

Erard, Saint, missionary of Ratisbon, was born, probably near Lough Neagh, in the 7th century. The particulars of his life are confused and somewhat contradictory. They are given at full by O'Hanlon. All that is at all certain is that he was one of the many Irishmen engaged in missionary labours upon the Continent. He died about 671. His festival is the 8th January.

Esmond, Sir Laurence, Lord Esmond, descended from an ancient Wexford family, was born probably in the second half of the 16th century. In 16O1-'2 he commanded a troop of 150 foot and horse, was knighted by Sir Henry Sidney, and served the Queen in Connaught, with Murrough O'Flaherty and Sir Theobald Burke. In 1622, being Major-General of all the King's Irish forces, he was raised to the peerage as Lord Esmond. During one of his campaigns in Connaught he fell in love with and married a beautiful Catholic lady, the sister of O'Flaherty. After the birth of their son Thomas, she carried him away to her Connaught relatives, so that he might be reared in her own faith, whereupon Lord Esmond entered into a union with Elizabeth, grand-daughter of the 9th Earl of Ormond. Lord Esmond was for many years Governor of Duncannon Fort, on the Suir. In the 4th Book of Carte's Ormond will be found full particulars of his negotiations in 1644 with the Duke regarding the custody of the fort, and of his ultimately going over to the side of the Parliament. He died 26th March 1646. From his son, before mentioned, Sir Thomas Esmond, Bart., a General of Horse in the armies of Charles I., the present Esmonds of Ballynastra, County of Wexford, are descended.

Eustace, or FitzEustace, Sir Roland, Lord Portlester, was descended from a branch of the Geraldines to whom Henry II. had granted the country round Naas. In 1454 he was appointed Deputy to Richard, Duke of York; and again in 1462 he filled the same office for the Duke of Clarence. Subsequently he was tried for plotting with the Earl of Desmond, and acquitted. Created Lord Portlester, he married Margaret, daughter of Janico d'Artois, by whom he had two daughters; the elder married Gerald, 8th Earl of Kildare. He held the office of Treasurer of Ireland for many years, and was in 1474 appointed to the custody of the great seal, which six years afterwards he refused to surrender when the King granted the post to another. This was for a time a great hindrance to public business, until the King authorized the construction of a new great seal for Ireland by Thomas Archbold, Master of the King's Mint in Ireland, and that in Eustace's hands was "damned, annulled, and suspended," while his acts as Treasurer were also repudiated. A turbulent spirit was at that period shown by many of those who should have been foremost among the King's supporters. Eustace refused to give up the seal; his son-in-law Kildare positively declined to admit a new Lord-Deputy, Lord Grey; James Keating, Constable of Dublin Castle, broke down the drawbridge, and defied the Deputy and his three hundred archers and men-at-arms to gain admittance; and the Mayor of Dublin proclaimed that no subsidy should be paid the Earl; while a parliament held at Naas repudiated Lord Grey's authority; and one summoned at Trim declared the proceedings of Kildare's parliament at Naas null and void. Lord Portlester died 14th December 1496, and was buried at Cotlands­town, County of Kildare. Two monuments were erected to his memory - one in the new abbey, Kilcullen, which he had founded in 1460; the other in St. Audoen's Church, Dublin, where he had built a chapel to the Virgin.

Eustace, James, 3rd Viscount Baltinglass, a descendant of preceding, who distinguished himself in the Desmond war, was born early in the 16th century. Having with other lords of the Pale complained in 1576 to Elizabeth that their liberties and privileges had been annulled by the imposition of a cess, and that no tax ought to be levied upon them but by Act of Parliament, he was, with Lords Delvin, Howth, and Trimleston, committed prisoner to the Castle of Dublin, while their lawyers, whom they sent to represent their case to the Queen, were committed to the Tower of London. Mr. Richeysays: "The opponents of the cess were the best and most loyal of the Pale - Baltinglass, Delvyn, Nugent, Howth, Plunket, Sarsfield, Nenagh, and Talbot. Thus all these thoroughly English gentlemen were laid in prison in the Castle for stating that although most willing to supply the necessities of the Government, they objected to illegal exactions, forbidden by a series of Acts of Parliament, and which every Deputy had denounced as mischievous and unjust." After a year's confinement they gave way; "but," says Mr. Froude, "they went home in bitter humour, and the rebellion in the south was a sore temptation to them. Had they risen when Desmond rose, the resources of English power would have been severely tried. . . [Baltinglass] was a passionate Romanist; but besides his creed he was connected in blood with the marauding tribes of the Wicklow mountains. He was the owner of Glenmalure, the scene of the murderous performance of the Naas garrison, and the victims of that remarkable atrocity were dependants of the house of Eustace." [See SIDNEY, SIR HENRY.] After vainly endeavouring to persuade the Earl of Kildare to rise with him, he, in the middle of July 1580, threw off his allegiance, and sent letters to his friends asking them to join in defending their country and their religion from the assaults of the English, saying: " A woman incapable of orders could not be head of the Church-a thing which Christ did not grant to his own mother." The Four Masters thus relate his proceedings: "James Eustace . . broke down his castles, after having embraced the Catholic faith and renounced his sovereign; so that war and disturbance arose on the arrival of Arthur, Lord Grey, in Ireland, as Lord-Justice. The Kavanaghs, Kinsellaghs, Byrnes, Tooles, Gaval-Rannall, and the surviving part of the inhabitants of Offaly and Leix, flocked to the assistance of James Eustace; so that from the Slaney to the Shannon, and from the Boyne to the meeting of the Three Waters, became one scene of strife and dissension." One of Lord Grey's first acts was to collect a large force and march against him and his confederates entrenched in Glenmalure. Possibly they were put upon their guard by the Earl of Kildare, who was in Lord Grey's company. The English force of 800 men was led into an ambuscade and cut off almost to a man-Sir Peter Carew, Colonel John Moor, and Francis Cosby being amongst the slain, and the Lord-Deputy Grey escaping with difficulty. After this success Lord Baltinglass appears to have hastened to join the Desmonds and their Spanish allies in Kerry, and to have taken an active part in the Desmond war. His fortunes, after the death of the Earl of Desmond in 1583, are thus related by Holinshed: "The Viscount of Baltinglass, being aduertised of the death of the earle of Desmond, which was no small grief vnto him, and he also verie wearie of his trotting and wandering on foot amongst bogs, woods, and desert places (being altogether distressed, and in great miserie, and now destitute of all his friends and acquaintances, and not able to hold head anie longer against her maiestie's force), did embarke himselfe for Spaine, in hope to haue some releefe and succor, and to procure some aid from the King of Spaine; and by that meanes to be of some abilitie to renew his force and rebellion. But he found in the end verie small comfort. And therefore of a verie melancholie greefe and sorrow of mind, as it is thought, he died, being in verie extreame pouertie and need." His death is supposed to have taken place in 1583. By an ex post facto law, known as the Statute of Baltinglass, the Eustaces were deprived of their estates and titles. Sir Bernard Burke cites strong reasons in favour of the present representative of the family being legally entitled to the viscountcy.

Eustace, Sir Maurice, Lord-Chancellor, descended from family of preceding, was born at his father's seat at Castlemartin, about 1590. He gained a fellowship at Trinity College, and was called to the Bar, where he soon distinguished himself. He was a clear-headed man, and lost no opportunity of advancing his own interests in those disturbed times, and received grants of Harristown and other lands forfeited by Lord Baltinglass. As sergeant-at-law he attracted the notice of Lord Strafford, and in 1639 he was elected Speaker of the Irish House of Commons. His bombastic inauguration speech, given in Flanagan's Chancellors, is singularly illustrative of the times. In the Journals of the House of Commons under 1647, is to be found his complaint concerning the stealing of his cattle from Clontarf for the use of the army. After the Restoration, in 1660, he was appointed Lord-Chancellor; but as he was one of the Lords-Justices, Archbishop Bramhall was appointed Speaker of the Lords. He opposed some of the most unjust results of the Acts of Settlement and Explanation. He continued Chancellor until failing health obliged him to resign the seals to Archbishop Boyle. He delighted in rural affairs, and his demesne at Harristown came to be regarded as the most beautiful seat in Ireland. The ex-Chancellor died in 1665, leaving his estates in Kildare, Dublin, and Wicklow, besides the Abbey of Cong, to his nephews, Sir John and Sir Maurice Eustace; also a "great house" (which probably gave its name to Eustace­street) in Dame-street, to Trinity College for the maintenance of a Hebrew lecturer. He was interred in St. Patrick's Cathedral. Eustace, John Chetwode, Rev., born about 1765, received his education at Stonyhurst, and in 1795 accepted the professorship of belles-lettres at Maynooth. He travelled on the Continent as a tutor, and published the results of his observations in 1813 in his Classical Tour through Italy. It ran through six editions in eight years. Lady Morgan is said to have made it the basis of her well-known work on Italy; but it has now fallen into disfavour. He was engaged in collecting materials for a supplementary volume, when he was carried off by fever at Naples in 1815. Hobhouse speaks of him as "one of the most inaccurate and unsatisfactory writers that have in our times attained a temporary reputation." He was the author of an Elegy to Burke and other works of minor importance.

Evans, Sir De Lacy, Lieutenant-General, K.C.B., was born at Moig, County of Limerick, in 1787. He entered the 22nd Regiment as ensign in 1807, and served three years in India; afterwards joining the 3rd Light Dragoons, he served with distinction in Spain and Portugal in the campaigns of 1812-'13-'14. He was especially commended by Wellington for his survey of the Pyrenees. Early in 1814, having become brevet Lieutenant-Colonel of the 5th West India Regiment, he was ordered to America. At the battle of Bladensburg, 24th August 1814, he had two horses shot under him. It was he who, at the head of 100 men, acting under orders of General Ross, forced the Capitol at Washington. He also took part in the attack on Baltimore. He was wounded before New Orleans, 8th January 1815, and was sent home. He recovered in time to join Wellington at Quatre Bras, where he had two horses killed under him, and remained on Wellington's staff during the occupation of France. His next military employment was in 1835, when he commanded the British Legion of 10,000 men in Spain, in aid of Queen Isabella against Don Carlos. After his return in 1837 he entered Parliament as member for Westminster-a seat he held for almost thirty years, until he retired from political life in 1865. During the Crimean war he commanded the second division of the British army as Lieutenant-General, particularly distinguishing himself at the Alma. At Inkerman (5th November 1854) he rose from a sick bed to join his division, refusing to take the honours of the day from General Pennefather, who was in actual command under him. He received the thanks of the House of Commons on his return in February 1855. He was gazetted General in 1861, having already received the grand cross of the Bath and of the Legion of Honour. He resigned his seat in Parliament in 1865, on account of increasing infirmities, and died 9th January 1870, aged 82.

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