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TRACTON, a parish, in the barony of KINNALEA, county of CORK, and province of MUNSTER, 4 miles (S.) from Carrigaline, on the road to Roberts-Cove, and on that from Ringabella to Kinsale; containing 2838 inhabitants. An abbey of Cistercian monks was founded here by the family of McCarthy in 1224, the monks having been brought from Whiteland, in Carmarthenshire, South Wales, called also "De Alba Landa," and "Albo Tractu," whence the name of this parish is thought to be derived. In 1375, Edw. III. confirmed the several possessions which had been granted to it. According to Dr. Smith, great numbers of pilgrims annually visited this place on Holy Thursday, to pay their devotions to a piece of the real cross that the monks were reputed to possess, which was presented by Barry Oge, and preserved here with religious veneration until the suppression of the monasteries. The abbot regularly sat as a lord of parliament. In 1568 the abbey and its possessions were granted by Queen Elizabeth to Henry Guilford and Sir James Craig, on payment of a fine of £7. 15.; the latter afterwards assigned his interest in it to Richard, first Earl of Cork, who obtained a grant of it in the 7th of Jas. I.; it now forms part of the estate of the Earl of Shannon.

The parish comprises 2558 statute acres, as applotted under the tithe act. The land is very good, and is chiefly in dairy farms; about one-fourth is arable, producing mostly wheat and potatoes: the manure used is principally sea-sand, which is brought to Menane bridge, or Ringabella creek, in boats manned with three men each; where also sea-coal, the fuel mostly used, is landed. Near Tracton is a small bog. At Ahnacarriga, the property of the Earl of Shannon, are valuable lead mines, worked some years since but now discontinued. At Ringabella are very extensive works, conducted by an English company of miners, and employing upwards of 400 persons; the ore raised is very good. Not far from the church are rocks of excellent slate, but the quarries are very indifferently worked. The river is navigable for hookers up to Menane bridge, about three miles from the bay; it is very intricate on account of the serpentine course it takes, but not dangerous. A canal has been contemplated, to commence at the bridge and to continue through the valley to Belgooley, about ten miles, which would be very beneficial, as great quantities of manure are obliged now to be carried overland. The gentlemen's seats are Ringabella, the residence of S. A. Austin, Esq.; Gurtnagrenane, of L. Shea, Esq.; Broomley, of G. Daunt, Esq.; and Fountainstown, of F. Hodder, Esq.

The living is an impropriate cure, in the diocese of Cork, united to those of Kilmony, Kilpatrick, Ballyfoyle, Kinnure and Clontead, and in the patronage of the Earl of Shannon, in whom the rectory is impropriate: the tithes amount to £403. 10., wholly payable to the impropriator. The income of the perpetual curate arises from £25 from the Earl of Shannon, and £50 from the Ecclesiastical Commissioners. The glebe-house was erected by aid of a gift of £450 and a loan of £50, in 1814, from the late Board of First Fruits; the glebe comprises 24 acres: both the house and land have been given up to the original proprietor from whom the Board purchased the land, although £650 had been expended in building and £500 as a fine, so as to reduce the rent of the land. The church, surrounded by a grove of trees at the bottom of a deep valley, forms a pleasingly picturesque object; it is a plain building, with a small tower and low spire, erected upon the site of the ancient abbey, by aid of a loan of £1000, in 1817, from the same Board. In the R. C. divisions the parish is the head of a union or district, also called Kinnalea, comprising this parish and those of Nohoval, Kilpatrick, Ballyfoyle, and Kinnure; and containing two chapels; that at Menane bridge is a large neat edifice, recently enlarged and improved by subscription. About 200 children are educated in the parochial and two other schools. Inconsiderable remains of the old abbey may be traced; and numerous sculptured stones, scattered around the neighbourhood, afford some idea of the magnificent character of the structure. Tracton gave the title of Baron to James Dennis, Chief Baron of the Exchequer, in 1781, which title is extinct; a splendid monument of white marble has been erected to his memory in the cathedral at Cork. A chalybeate spring exists here, but is not now used.

TRADDERY.--See TOMFINLOE.

TRALEE, a borough, assize, sea-port, market and post-town, and a parish, in the barony of TRUGHENACKMY, county of KERRY, and province of MUNSTER, 58 1/4 miles (W. N. W.) from Cork, and 151 (S. W. by W.) from Dublin; containing 11,021 inhabitants, of which number 9568 are in the town. Its ancient name, Traleigh, "the strand of the Leigh," is derived from its situation near the point at which the river Leigh discharges itself into the broad sandy bay of Tralee; this river, though apparently so insignificant as to be covered over during its course through the town, is occasionally so much swelled by the winter torrents from the mountains as to cause much inconvenience and at times damage to the inhabitants. The first historical notice of the town is the foundation of a Dominican monastery, in 1213, by John Fitz-Thomas, of the Geraldine family, who having been slain with his son Maurice and many of his followers in the battle at Callan against McCarthy More, was interred in it. In 1325, Maurice Fitz-Maurice, fourth lord of Kerry, slew Dermot McCarthy in the presence of the judge of assize, for which act he was severely punished. In 1576, the great Earl of Desmond, who claimed the privilege that his palatinate should not be amenable to the jurisdiction of the King's judges, having in vain endeavoured to prevent Sir Wm. Drury, then Lord-Justice, from holding the assizes at Tralee, invited him to his castle, where he met him attended by a large body of his followers. The Lord-Justice seeing them advancing towards him in military order, suspected treachery and ordered his attendants to charge them, upon which Desmond and his men fled with the greatest precipitation, leaving his countess to explain the cause of the alarm. In 1579, Sir Henry Davels, who had been sent by the Lord-Deputy to summon the Earl of Desmond to join him with his forces against the Spaniards, who had landed at Smerwick, on his return from this mission was assassinated at Tralee by Sir John Desmond, a relation of the earl. In 1600, Sir Chas. Wilmot here routed a party of the Irish with considerable slaughter. At the breaking out of the war of 1641 all the English families in and about Tralee took shelter in the castle belonging to Sir Edw. Denny, to whom it had been granted after the death of the Earl of Desmond and the forfeiture of his property; and Sir Edward assembled all his tenants for its defence, but being ordered away on another duty he left the newcomers to their own resources, which they exerted so effectually that they kept the besiegers at bay for six months, until, being worn out with fatigue and hunger, and discouraged by the death of their governor, Sir Thomas Harris, they surrendered. The town was soon after destroyed and the surrounding country wasted by the Irish, on the approach of Lord Inchiquin, to prevent him from making it his head-quarters. It was treated in a similar manner in 1691, on the approach of King William's forces.

The town, which, with the surrounding district, is the property of Sir Edw. Denny, contained, in 1831, 1354 houses: it is situated near the foot of a range of mountains and about a mile and a half from the bay of the same name, on a site so low as to be occasionally flooded when high spring tides meet the mountain torrents. It consists of an irregular main street, upwards of a mile long, having several streets branching laterally from it on each side: the streets, which are kept in repair by county presentments, are partially paved and flagged, but not lighted; a proposal made to remedy these defects and to procure the inhabitants a full supply of water, under the provisions of the act of the 9th of Geo. IV., c. 82, was rejected by a public meeting convened in 1832, and the town is now provided with water from pumps fitted up by subscription during the prevalence of the cholera. It has been much improved within the last few years by the erection of several good houses and the formation of a new street, named Denny-street, formed on the site of the ancient castle of the Earl of Desmond, at the western extremity of which is the entrance to the castle demesne, which has been lately much improved, and forms a delightful promenade open to the public. The county club and newsroom is in this street, and there are two other reading and news-rooms, called the Chamber of Commerce and the Constitutional Club. Races are held at the spa in July or August, and an annual regatta in the bay has been lately established. The barracks, at Ballymullen, about half a mile from the town, and capable of accommodating 17 officers, and 456 non-commissioned officers and privates, and 6 horses, with an hospital for 30 patients, form a substantial building, erected in 1810 at an expense of £20,000: they stand in an enclosed area of about 15 1/2 acres. Near the barracks is the brewery of Mr. Bender, also the distillery of Messrs. Newell and Grant, which manufactures upwards of 70,000 gallons of whiskey annually. The extensive ale and porter brewery of Messrs. Cox and Tidmarsh, producing about 2300 tierces annually, and another on a less extensive scale, are situated in the town. The markets, which are held on Tuesday and Saturday, are abundantly supplied with meat and vegetables, and with fish from the bays of Dingle and Tralee; there are no regular marketplaces, and the dealings are carried on in the public streets, to the great inconvenience of the inhabitants: the provost acts as clerk of the market, in examining the weights and measures and in correcting abuses and deciding disputes; market jurors are sworn at quarter sessions. The town has an extensive retail trade. Fairs are held on May 3rd, Aug. 4th and 5th, Oct. 9th and 10th, Nov. 7th and 8th, and Dec. 13th. There are branches of the Bank of Ireland and of the Provincial and National Banks in the town. About 15 years since the export of grain was confined to two or three small cargoes annually; there is now a considerable export, which is increasing every year; the chief articles are wheat and oats, the barley being mostly purchased for home consumption: butter is also exported, but not to its former extent: coal and timber are the chief articles imported. The improvements in the trade, commerce, and general appearance of Tralee have been very considerable of late years, and are rapidly progressing notwithstanding the inconvenience arising from the extreme shallowness of the water in the river, which prevents the approach of vessels exceeding 50 or 60 tons nearer than Blennerville, about l 1/2 mile distant, and obliges large vessels to lie at the Samphire islands, off Fenit point, a distance of about five miles. To remedy this defect, a local act of the 9th of Geo. IV., c. 118, was procured, creating a corporate board of commissioners for the purpose of constructing a navigable canal adequate to bring up large vessels to the town. The canal, which is now in progress, commences at Croompane-Rockard, near the west end of the town, where there is a basin 400 feet by 150, on the north side of which is to be a quay faced with hewn stone: the canal, which proceeds thence to the Blackrock, beyond Blennerville, is to be 74 feet wide and 15 feet deep: the estimated expense is £24,000. When finished, vessels of 300 tons burden will be enabled to discharge at the quay. The canal commissioners are empowered to impose certain dues on the imports and exports, and on vessels coming into the port; these dues, in 1834, amounted to £600. The amount of the excise duties of the district, for the year 1835, was £11,265. 9. 6. The town is the head station of the coast-guard district and residence of the inspecting commander: it comprises the stations of Castlegregory, Kilfinura, Ballyheigue, the Cashen river, and Beale. It is also a chief constabulary police station.

The town was incorporated by a charter of the 10th of Jas. I., under the name of "the Provost, Free Burgesses, and Commonalty of the Borough of Tralee;" to consist of a provost, 12 burgesses and a commonalty. The provost, elected annually, is hereby appointed clerk of the market, justice of the peace for the county of Kerry, and judge of a borough court of record. The burgesses are elected for life: the charter declares all the inhabitants of the borough freemen, together with such others as the provost and free burgesses admit; but as the freedom gives no privilege but that of exemption from tolls, it has never been claimed as of right. The charter grants to the borough the right of returning two members to parliament, and vests the election in the provost and burgesses: the borough was disfranchised at the Union, but by the act of the 2nd of Wm. IV., cap. 88, it is empowered to return one member, to be elected by the £10 householders, with a restoration of their former right of voting to the burgesses, provided they be resident in the borough or within seven miles of it. The borough is not co-extensive with the parish, but comprises a portion of the country round the town, to the extent of about seven miles in circumference. The new electoral boundary, including part of the parish of Ratass, in which are the county gaol and the barracks, comprises an area of 534 statute acres, the limits of which are particularly described in the Appendix: the provost is the returning officer. He also presides at a court of record, held every Thursday, for personal actions not exceeding five marks, Irish. The assizes for the county of Kerry are held at Tralee; and general sessions of the peace four times in the year: petty sessions are held every Tuesday. The county courthouse, erected near the eastern end of Denny-street, at an expense of £14,000, is an edifice of great elegance: its front presents a Grecian portico approached by a noble flight of steps and surmounted with a fine pediment: the main building, which is circular, has the criminal court of justice on the one side and the civil on the other, separated by the judges' and other chambers in the centre of the building: the county offices are in the rear. The county gaol, situated near the barracks, is a large and substantial building on the radiating principle, consisting of an octangular centre containing the governor's apartments, from which project two lateral wings and one rearward containing wards for the male prisoners; in the front are two detached buildings for female prisoners and debtors, and in the rear another of semicircular form for a chapel: it affords accommodations, with separate beds, for 209 prisoners, and has a treadmill.

The parish contains 4393 1/2 statute acres, as applotted under the tithe act: it is intersected by the small rivers Ballymullen and Leigh, which unite just before they fall into the strait or haven at the western entrance of the town. The soil is in general of superior quality, and chiefly in tillage; the system of agriculture is gradually improving: it contains some mountain pasture and shallow bog. Limestone and black marble are found within its limits: the materials with which the new courthouse was constructed were chiefly raised from a quarry of fine limestone near the castle green, which has been since filled up and planted. Sea-weed from Tralee bay is in general use for manure. The principal gentlemen's seats in the vicinity are Ballyseedy, the finely planted demesne of Arth. Blennerhasset, Esq., now occupied by Sir Edw. Denny, Bart.; Oak Park, the residence of John Bateman, Esq., situated in grounds well wooded with oak, among which are some trees of singular size and beauty, and open to the public; Belmont, of the Rev. A. B. Rowan; Ballard House, of Fras. Crosbie, Esq.; Spring Lodge, of F. J. Martelli, Esq.; Lower Cannon, of J. Eagar, Esq.; Magh, of W. Seely, Esq.; Chute Hall, of W. Chute, Esq.; Spring Hill, of Capt. Chute; Arbella, of Fras. Feet, Esq.; Plover Hill, of Geo. Gun, Esq.; and Frogmore Lodge, of the Rev. Barry Denny. The living is a rectory, in the diocese of Ardfert and Aghadoe, and in the patronage of Sir Edw. Denny: the tithes amount to £408. 7. 7. The glebe-house is a large and commodious building adjoining the church; the glebe comprises 11a. 0r. 29p. The church, which was enlarged in 1819 by aid of a loan of £2450 from the late Board of First Fruits, and more recently enlarged and thoroughly repaired by a fund raised by subscription and the sale of the pews, is a large and handsome structure with a square tower surmounted with pinnacles. In the R. C. divisions the parish is the head of a union or district, comprising also the greater part of the parishes of Annagh, Clogherbrien, and Ratass: the chapel is a spacious and handsome edifice, the entrance to which from the High-street is through a fine avenue bordered with trees. A convent for nuns of the order of the Presentation, established about 12 years since, has a small chapel attached to it. There are places of worship for Calvinistic Independents and Wesleyan Methodists. A school, under the superintendence of the incumbent, was built about 12 years since by aid of a grant of £140 from the Lord-Lieutenant's fund, and shortly after its erection was placed in connection with the trustees of Erasmus Smith's charity, who allow the master a fixed salary of £20 per ann. and a contingent gratuity of £10: there is also a school for females, formerly in connection with the London Hibernian Society, held under the same roof; the salary of the mistress is paid by subscriptions, which average £30 per ann.: the building can accommodate 80 children of each sex, and both schools are under the superintendence of the Protestant clergyman. A male school in connection with the Board of National Education is held in a large edifice, consisting of an upper and lower apartment, each extending the whole length of the building, and together affording accommodation for about 800 children. A female free school is connected with the convent of the Presentation, by the nuns of which the children are instructed in the elements of useful literature and in lace-making and needle-work: it is partly supported by a grant from the same Board. There are five private schools: the number of children instructed in all these schools is about 830. There is also a Sunday school in the town. The county infirmary, with a dispensary attached, has been established here. The county fever hospital, a substantial modern building, forming three sides of a quadrangle, and capable of accommodating 200 patients, is situated in a spacious area in the vicinity. There is also a temporary asylum for the reception of lunatics previously to their transmission to the district lunatic asylum at Limerick. Two asylums for the aged and impotent poor are supported respectively by the Protestant and Catholic inhabitants. A neat row of six almshouses, affording accommodation to 36 poor widows, was built in 1832 by Dr. McEniry, P. P., at an expense of £600: the widows are selected by the parish priest. The interest of £1000 Irish, bequeathed by Miss Tuomy, of Tralee, who died about 30 years since, is distributed by the parish priest among the poor, generally at Christmas. The only relics of the ancient abbey are some sculptured ornaments which have been built into the front of the R. C. chapel and of the adjoining school-house. At Ballybeggan are the remains of a castle, and at the northern outlet are some slight vestiges of the castle of Mac Allistrom or Ellistrom. On the northern shore of the bay, about three miles from the town, is a celebrated chalybeate spring, which has given the name of Spa to a small watering-place that is described under its own head.

TRAMORE, a maritime market and post-town, in the parish of DRUMCANNON, barony of MIDDLETHIRD, county of WATERFORD, and province of MUNSTER, 6 miles (S. S. W.) from Waterford, and 81 3/4 (S. W.) from Dublin; containing 2224 inhabitants. This town is situated at the north-western extremity of the bay of Tramore, to which it gives name, commanding a fine view of the sea, and sheltered by the surrounding heights from the most prevailing winds. In the reign of Hen.V., the Irish sept of the Powers, with their adherents, being then in a state of hostility with the citizens of Waterford, landed at this place, and proceeding to Ballymacdane were joined by the O'Driscolls, when a battle took place, in which they were defeated by the citizens with great slaughter. The advantages of its situation and its fine beach, which is more than three English miles in length and perfectly firm and level, have made this town a favourite place of resort for sea-bathing by the inhabitants of Waterford and of the adjacent counties. Many comfortable lodging-houses have been built for the accommodation of visiters, and a spacious hotel has been erected by Mr. Rivers on an elevated site above the village. A new line of road on a better level has been constructed from Waterford, and great facilities of intercourse with that city are afforded by numerous vehicles. These advantages, combined with pure air, have made it a pleasant summer residence, and several handsome houses have been erected in the village and its immediate vicinity, of which the principal are Tramore Lodge, the residence of W. Christmas, Esq.; Eastland, of P. G. Barron, Esq.; and Newtown, of E. O'Neil Power, Esq. Races, which are much encouraged by the neighbouring gentry, and supported by subscription, are held annually on the strand. At one extremity of the beach immense heaps of sand have been thrown up by the sea and now form a rabbit warren; from their summit is a fine view of the bay, the navigation of which is very dangerous. In 1816, the Sea Horse transport, with the 2nd battalion of the 59th regiment of foot, was wrecked in this bay, when 292 men and 71 women and children perished. Within the entrance of the bay are two small fishing coves, from which it has been proposed to carry out two piers for the prevention of similar calamities, and which would also form a commodious harbour for the boats employed in the Nymph bank fisheries. The market is on Saturday, and is well supplied with meat, fish, and vegetables: it is held in a large walled square, along one side of which are sheds, erected by Lord Doneraile. A chief constabulary police force is stationed here, and petty sessions are held on alternate Tuesdays. The parish church of Drumcannon is situated in the town, and in the churchyard is a monument raised by the surviving officers of the 59th to the memory of the shipwrecked soldiers of that regiment; they also ordered a monument to be erected in the cemetery of the old church at Drumcannon, over the remains of those who were interred there, which has been executed but not yet put up. The town is the head of a R. C. union or district, comprising the parishes of Drumcannon and Corbally, in each of which is a chapel, that of Drum-cannon being in the town of Tramore. An almshouse founded for 12 men and 12 women, by Mrs. Catherine Walsh, and a dispensary maintained in the customary manner are also situated in the town; near which are the ruins of the castle of Cullen, formerly a place of great strength.

TREADINGSTOWN, or BALLYREDDIN, a parish, in the barony of GOWRAN, county of KILKENNY, and province of LEINSTER, 5 miles (W. S. W.) from Gowran, on the river Nore: the population is returned with the parish of Killarney. This small parish comprises only 704 statute acres: it is a rectory, in the diocese of Ossory, entirely appropriate to the economy estate of the cathedral of St. Canice, Kilkenny; the tithes amount to £78. 11. In the Roman Catholic divisions it forms part of the union or district of Danesfort.

TREVET.--See TRYVETT.

TRILLICK, a market-town, in the parish of KILSKERRY, barony of OMAGH, county of TYRONE, and province of ULSTER, 9 miles (N. by E.) from Enniskillen, on the road to Omagh, to both which places it has a penny post: the population is returned with the parish. It owes its origin to the family of Mervyn, who settled at the neighbouring castle of Mervyn in the reign of Jas. I., and is a small but very improving town, being a convenient stage from Enniskillen, and having an excellent hotel. The surrounding district is undulating and hilly and is embellished with several lakes: the land in cultivation is generally fertile, and a large tract of waste land has lately been reclaimed. Here is a good market-house, recently repaired by Gen. Mervyn Archdall, of Trillick Lodge, the proprietor of the town and adjacent lands, in which a market is held every Tuesday, chiefly for butter and provisions; and there is a fair on the 14th of every month. This is a constabulary police station; petty sessions are held on alternate Mondays; and courts leet and baron every three weeks, for the recovery of debts under 50s. Here are meeting-houses for Wesleyan and Primitive Methodists, in the former of which also divine service is performed by the clergyman of the Established Church, monthly in winter and once a fortnight in summer. No vestiges are discernible of the abbey said to have been founded here in the 7th century; but near the town are the ruins of Castle Mervyn.

TRIM, an incorporated market, assize, and post-town, (formerly a parliamentary borough), and a parish, partly in the barony of UPPER NAVAN, but chiefly in that of LOWER MOYFENRAGH, county of MEATH, and province of LEINSTER, 10 1/2 miles (N. W.) from Kilcock, and 25 (N. W. by W.) from Dublin; containing 5926 inhabitants, of which number, 3282 are in the town. This place, formerly called Ath-Trym, is of very remote antiquity, and was celebrated for its abbey of Canons Regular, dedicated to the Blessed Virgin. The establishment became the seat of a small bishoprick, of which St. Loman, nephew of St. Patrick, was made the first bishop; of his successors, who were indifferently styled abbots or bishops, no regular notice is preserved till the year 1152, when the diocese was united with several others to form the see of Meath. In 1108 the town and monastery were burned by Conor O'Melaghlin, and more than 200 persons who had taken refuge in the church perished in the flames; in 1143 and 1155 also the town suffered from conflagration. After the English invasion it was, with the whole of the territory of Meath, given by Hen. II. to Hugh de Lacy, who made it a free borough; and his son and successor, Walter de Lacy, in the reign of Rich. I., gave the burgesses a charter of incorporation, conferring privileges equal to those enjoyed by the citizens of Bristol. As the head of the palatine lordship of the Lacys, the town became a place of importance, and a strong castle was erected here as a baronial residence for that family, who also refounded the monastery. The defences of the castle were destroyed by the constable, Hugh Tyrrell, when Roderic O'Conor entered Meath during the absence of De Lacy, to prevent them from becoming serviceable to the enemy, but on his expulsion they were quickly restored. In 1203 the town was again destroyed by fire. The present castle was built in 1220, and soon afterwards, during the sanguinary feuds which then prevailed, it was attacked by William de Burgo, but was obstinately defended by the garrison, and the assailants repulsed. When the palatinate of Meath was divided between the coheiresses of Walter de Lacy, the town was still the capital of one-half, and in 1330 it was invested with jurisdiction over the other. In the reign of Edw. II., during Piers Gaveston's vice-regency, Richard, Earl of Ulster, held his court here with a degree of ostentatious parade highly alarming to the chief governor, to whom his collected followers appeared as a well-appointed and formidable retinue. Edward Bruce, in his retreat from Munster to the north of Ireland, halted for some days at Trim; and in 1393, Roger de Mortimer, Earl of March and Ulster, received a grant of tolls for the purpose of improving and fortifying the town, as the capital of all Meath. Rich. II., when last in Ireland, on receiving intelligence of the Earl of Hereford's landing in England, committed the young lords Gloucester and Henry of Lancaster, afterwards Hen. V., prisoners to the castle of this place; and in 1407 a parliament convoked at Dublin was adjourned hither, to deliberate on the best means of repressing the aggressions of Art Mac Murrough. On the accession of Hen. VI. a parliament was held here; and in the year 1425 the Earl of March and Ulster, then Lord-Lieutenant, died suddenly at this place, while preparing to repel the incursions of the native septs into his territories. In 1447, a parliament was held here in which various reformatory and sumptuary laws were enacted; and in 1459 a mint was established in the town. Richard, Duke of York, father of Edw. IV., while Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland, resided for some time in this town, the palatine liberty of which was vested in him; and in the reign of Hen. VII. the townsmen favoured the imposition of Lambert Simnel, but were afterwards received into the king's favour. Parliaments were also held here in 1484, 1487, and 1491. During the parliamentary war the town again became a place of military importance. In 1642 it was in the hands of the confederate Roman Catholic forces, who were expelled; and in a subsequent skirmish to retain the place, Sir Chas. Coote, commander of the parliamentarian garrison, was killed by a ball supposed to have been from the musket of one of his own troopers. Soon after this, four royal commissioners sat in the town to meet the agents of the confederate Catholics, and receive their remonstrance and petition for the redress of grievances. After the massacre at Drogheda by Cromwell, in 1649, the town surrendered to that general, the garrison disregarding the instructions given by the Marquess of Ormonde to destroy the place rather than suffer it to fall into his hands.

The town is pleasantly situated on the river Boyne, over which is an old bridge, and is still a place of considerable importance: it contains about 570 houses, many of which are neatly built, and from the remains of its stately castle and religious establishments has an appearance of venerable antiquity. A handsome column of the Corinthian order was, in 1817, erected here in commemoration of the principal military achievements of the Duke of Wellington, who for some time was representative of the borough and resided at Fosterstown, in the immediate vicinity; above the capital is a statue of His Grace. There are barracks for infantry, adapted to the reception of 3 officers and 80 non-commissioned officers and privates. The environs are pleasingly diversified, and abound with much interesting scenery. The trade is inconsiderable, being chiefly for the supply of the immediate neighbourhood. There are in the town a small flour-mill, a brewery, and a tannery; and on the river Boyne, about a mile to the west, are very extensive mills, called New Haggard Mills, the property of Mr. Nangle, producing annually about 40,000 barrels of flour and oatmeal. The market is on Saturday, and the fairs on March 27th, May 8th, Wednesday after Trinity-Sunday, Oct. 1st, and Nov. 16th. An extension of the navigable communication between Drogheda and Navan to this town has been long contemplated, but has not yet been carried into effect.

The charter of incorporation granted to the burgesses by Walter de Lacy was confirmed and extended by Edw. III., and Rich. II. granted to the corporation certain tolls for 20 years for the fortification of the town, in which "all the fideles of the county of Meath congregated. Hen. IV. and VI. confirmed the original charter; and Elizabeth, in the 13th of her reign, reciting and confirming all previous grants, conferred the charter under which the town is now governed. By this charter the corporation consists of a portreeve and an indefinite number of burgesses and freemen, assisted by a recorder, town-clerk, two serjeants-at-mace and other officers. The portreeve, who is a justice of the peace within the borough, is annually chosen from the burgesses on the 29th of June; the burgesses are generally chosen from the freemen by the corporation at large; and the freemen are admitted either as of right, which is confined to the sons and sons-in-law of freemen, or by favour of the corporation. The charter conferred the elective franchise on the corporation, which first returned two members to the Irish parliament in the 2nd of Elizabeth, and continued to exercise the privilege till the Union, when the borough, which was then the property of the Wellesley family, was disfranchised. The borough court, which had jurisdiction to an unlimited amount, has almost fallen into disuse; no action has been tried in it since 1831, and the corporation exercises no exclusive jurisdiction either civil or criminal. Assizes for the county are held here; general sessions of the peace twice in the year here, and twice at Navan, and petty sessions on alternate Saturdays, before the county magistrates, with whom the portreeve also sits in cases arising within the borough. The court-house is a very neat and well-arranged building; and a new county gaol was erected here in 1834, at an expense of £26,000. It is on the radiating prinqiple, and consists of five ranges of building for the reception of the different classes, each of which is divided into three stories, containing on the lower a dining-hall and workroom, and in each of the upper 12 sleeping-rooms or cells: between the ranges are airing-yards for the respective classes, who are employed in stone-breaking and in various handicraft trades: in the centre is the governor's house, a circular building, in the upper story of which is a chapel communicating with the five wards by a bridge leading from each. The prison is capable of receiving 140 prisoners in separate cells; it has a treadmill with two wheels, hospitals for male and female patients, and a school in which adults attend for three hours every day. This town is the head-quarters of the constabulary police for the county, and the residence of the inspecting magistrate.

The parish comprises 12,650 3/4 statute acres, of which 11,880 are applotted under the tithe act: the land is principally in tillage and of good quality; there is only a small portion of bog; the system of agriculture has lately improved, and that portion of the parish which is under tillage affords abundant crops. The principal seats are Tullaghard, the residence of S. Winter, Esq.; New Haggard, of C. Nangle, Esq.; Roristown, of C. Drake, Esq.; Boyne Lodge, of A. O'Reilly, Esq.; Harcourt Lodge, of J. Lightburne, Esq.; Lodge Park, of J. S. D'Arcy, Esq.; Foxbrook, of J. D'Arcy Fox, Esq.; and Doolistown, of J. Fox, Esq. The living is a vicarage, in the diocese of Meath, united by episcopal authority, in 1819, to the rectories of Newtown and Trubly, and to the curacies of Kilcooley, Tullaghanogue, and Scurlogstown, and in the patronage of the Bishop, to whom the rectory is appropriate: the tithes amount to £615, of which £430 is payable to the appropriator and £185 to the vicar. The glebe-house was built in 1754; the glebe, which was given to the vicar by a Cromwellian debenturer, comprises 187 acres, valued at £300 per annum, and the gross value of the benefice is £647. 19. 2. The church, with the exception of the tower, which is of great antiquity and partly covered with ivy, was rebuilt in 1803, at an expense of £738, raised by assessment and a gift, from the bishop; in 1827 a gallery was added, at an expense of £350, a loan from the late Board of First Fruits, and the Ecclesiastical Commissioners have recently granted £100 for its repair. In the R. C. divisions the parish is the head of a union or district, comprising also the parishes of Trimlestown and Newtown-Clonbun or Trim; there are two chapels, one of which is at Bordsmill, a neat modern edifice. About 300 children are taught in two public schools, of which the parochial school is partly supported by the vicar: the school-house was built by Lord Mornington, at an expense of £1100. There are also seven private schools, in which are about 230 children; and a dispensary. The remains of the castle are extensive and form a conspicuous and highly interesting object: the keep is a massive pile strengthened by four lofty square towers, which rise to a considerable height above the other parts of the building; and there are several round towers and other outworks extending to the river Boyne, which flows along their base, the whole occupying an area of about four acres. The remains of the ancient abbey, in which was preserved an image of the Virgin, that was burnt at the Reformation, consist principally of part of the tower called the Yellow Steeple, one-half of which was destroyed by Cromwell, against whom it was garrisoned and defended for a considerable time. Here were formerly a convent of grey friars, dedicated to St. Bonaventure; a Dominican friary, founded in honour of the Blessed Virgin, in 1263, by Geoffrey de Geneville, Lord of Meath, in which general chapters of the order were frequently held; and a chantry in the parish church. At Newtown-Clonbun or Trim, about half a mile from the town, on the banks of the Boyne, are extensive remains of other religious foundations, the principal of which are those of a priory of Canons Regular of the order of St. Victor, founded by Simon de Rochfort, Bishop of Meath, about the year 1206; the prior was a lord of parliament, and there are still some remains of the fine old church. Adjoining the bridge are the remains of a square tower, from which a regular range of building extends along the water's edge to another tower, near which is the eastern gable of a small chapel with a fine window; and at a short distance is a neat circular turret: these are the remains of a house of Crouched friars, founded in the 13th century, to which the bishops of Meath were great benefactors. In the parish church of Newtown-Clonbun is the tomb of Sir Lucas Dillon, ancestor of the Earls of Roscommon, and an able jurist in the reign of Elizabeth.

TRIMLESTOWN, an ancient chapelry, in the parish of TRIM, in the barony of UPPER NAVAN, county of MEATH, and province of LEINSTER, 2 miles (W. N. W.) from Trim, on the road to Mullingar: the population is returned with the parish. Within the limits of this chapelry stands an imposing pile, in the style of architecture prevalent in the l6th century, with square windows, embattled parapets, and ornamented towers, formerly the seat of Lord Trimlestown, contiguous to which is a small chapel, the burial-place of the Barnewall family. It gives the title of Baron Trimlestown to that family.

TRISTELKERIN. -See LOGHAN.

TRISTLEDERMOT.--See CASTLEDERMOT.

TROREY, or ST. MICHAEL'S, TRORY, a parish, partly in the barony of LURG, but chiefly in that of MAGHERABOY, county of FERMANAGH, and province of ULSTER, 4 miles (N.) from Enniskillen, on Lough Erne; containing 2012 inhabitants. It comprises, according to the Ordnance survey, 6068 3/4 statute acres, of which 1564 1/2 are in Lurg and the remainder in Magheraboy; 1832 acres are in Lower Lough Erne, 135 3/4 in the river Erne and small loughs, upwards of 100 are woodland, and 100 bog; the remainder is arable, and one-third of it was abbey land and is tithe-free. A bridge with an arch of 30 feet span crosses the river here; it was erected in 1817, at an expense of £1100. Adjoining it, on the river Ballycassidy, and on the banks of the lough, are the extensive flour-mills of John Halliday, Esq., employing 25 persons, and worked by water equal to a 35-horse power: small boats, of about 10 tons' burden each, ply up the lake to these mills. The parish was constituted, in 1778, by disuniting some townlands from the parish of Devenish: the living is a perpetual cure, in the diocese of Clogher, and in the patronage of the Prebendary of Devenish. The tithes amount to £116. 10. 3 1/2., payable to the perpetual curate. The glebe comprises 60 acres, valued at £90 per ann.: the glebe-house was built in 1820, at an expense of £461, being a gift of £415 and a loan of £46 from the late Board of First Fruits. The church is a plain building, erected in 1778, at the cost of £300, defrayed by assessment on the parish. There is a place of worship for Wesleyan Methodists; also five schools, in which about 240 children are taught; and a Sunday school.

TRUBLY, or TUBBERVILLE, a parish, in the barony of LOWER DEECE, county of MEATH, and province of LEINSTER, 3 miles (E. by N.) from Trim, on the river Boyne; containing 92 inhabitants. This parish comprises 950 3/4 statute acres of land mostly under tillage, with some good pasture. It is a rectory, in the diocese of Meath, forming part of the union of Trim; the tithes amount to £46. 3. 1. In the R. C. divisions it is part of the union or district of Dunsany. Here are remains of an old castle, formerly belonging to the Cusacks, in which Oliver Cromwell is said to have slept after the taking of Drogheda; it is now the property of the Hon. Gen. Taylor.

TRYVETT, or TREVET, a parish, partly in the barony of RATOATH, but chiefly in that of SKREEN, county of MEATH, and province of LEINSTER, 2 miles (N. N. E.) from Dunshauglin, on the road from Navan to Ratoath; containing 418 inhabitants. This place was distinguished in the earliest ages of Christianity in Ireland by the foundation of a considerable monastery, the founder of which is unknown; though pillaged by the Danes in 917, destroyed by fire in 1145, and plundered by the men of Hy Briuin in 1152, it appears to have existed till the settlement of the English in Meath.

The ancient town was rebuilt soon afterwards by Hugh de Lacy, who placed here a colony of his English followers, and upon this occasion the monastery appears to have been superseded by the erection of a large church in honour of St. Patrick. The town continued to flourish for many years, and acquired considerable importance; it subsequently, however, fell into decay and is now only an obscure village. The parish comprises 5669 1/4 statute acres, chiefly pasture; the soil is of excellent quality, and the arable land, under an improving system of agriculture, produces good crops. Green Park is the residence of Cope Garnett, Esq. The living is a rectory and vicarage, in the diocese of Meath, united by act of council, in 1678, to the rectory of Kilbrew, and in the patronage of the Crown; the tithes amount to £200. 5., and of the union to £379. 15. The glebe-house is situated about a mile from the church, having been built in 1815, at an expense of £794 British, of which £461 was a loan and £277 a gift, from the late Board of First Fruits, the residue being defrayed by the incumbent. The glebe, situated in the parish of Kilbrew, comprises 11a. 1r. 7p., subject to a rent of £31. The church also is in Kilbrew, and was rebuilt and enlarged about 80 years since. In the R. C. divisions the parish forms part of the union or district of Skreen.

TUAM, an incorporated market and post-town (formerly a parliamentary borough), a parish, and the seat of an archdiocese, partly in the barony of DUNMORE, but chiefly in that of CLARE, county of GALWAY, and province of CONNAUGHT, 16 miles (N. W.) from Galway, and 98 3/4 (W. by N.) from Dublin, at the junction of the mail coach roads from Ballinasloe, Dunmore, and Hollymount, to Galway and Roscommon; containing 14,367 inhabitants, of which number, 6883 are in the town. This place, called anciently Tuaim-da-Gualand, owes its origin to the foundation of a religious establishment, about the beginning of the 6th century, by St. Jarlath, son of Loga, who for some time lived in seclusion in the small monastery of Cluainfois, which he had previously founded. The church of Tuam was soon afterwards made the cathedral of a diocese, of which St. Jarlath became the first bishop, and was called Teampul-Jarlath, in honour of its founder, to whom it was subsequently dedicated. St. Jarlath is supposed to have died in 540, and long after his death his bones were discovered and deposited in a silver shrine, which was placed in a church or chapel called Temple-ne-Scrin, or "the Church of the Shrine." Prior to the year 1150, Tirdelvac O'Conor, King of Ireland, founded a priory for Augustinian Canons, which he dedicated to St. John the Baptist; and in 1161 Roderic O'Conor, then King, erected a strong castle of stone here, which obtained the appellation of "the wonderful castle." The town was soon after destroyed by an accidental fire, but was soon restored, as in 1172 a great synod was convened here by Bishop Catholicus O'Dubhai, at which three churches were consecrated. An abbey for Premonstratensian canons was founded here either in the reign of John or early in that of Hen. III., by one of the family of de Burgo, and dedicated to the Holy Trinity. In 1244 the town, with all its churches, was destroyed by fire. In 1252, when Hen. III. confirmed to Florence Mac Flin the Pope's bull for annexing the bishoprick of Enaghdune to the see of Tuam, it was on condition that he should have a portion of land within the town for the erection of a castle, in exchange for other land of equal value. The same king by letters patent granted to the archbishop a fair on the 28th of December and the seven following days. In 1356, the place was plundered and burnt by Charles Oge, son of William de Burgo.

The town, which is situated in a flat and rather low but healthy tract of land, consists of several spacious and some smaller streets, containing 1197 houses, most of which are neatly built and several are large and of handsome appearance: it is amply supplied with water by a copious and limpid stream, which in its course turns several mills. The principal sources of recreation are a reading-room over the market-house, and a public billiard table; a newspaper is published here; races are held annually about the 1st of September on an excellent course about a mile from the town, called Gurrans Turlogh, which is in winter overflowed with water, forming a considerable lake; an unsuccessful attempt was made some years since to drain it. The grounds of the archbishop's palace are tastefully laid out, and the gardens are spacious and kept in excellent order: the mansion, though not possessing much architectural embellishment, is large and handsomely built; and around the demesne is a walk, a mile in length, thickly planted with trees and furnished with seats, affording a pleasant promenade to the people of the town. The house of the R. C. archbishop also adds much to the appearance of the town. The ancient market cross, of richly sculptured stone, was a great ornament: it was erected by Turlogh O'Conor, but has been suffered to fall into decay; part of the base is still to be seen in the old meat market, and two other parts in the churchyard, of which that part of the shaft forming the cross is erected at the head of the tomb of Dr. Singe, one of the Protestant archbishops. The trade of the town, which is at present next in importance to Galway, is very considerable: it is principally for the supply of the surrounding districts. A constant intercourse with Dublin is maintained, from which the shopkeepers obtain the various articles for their home trade. There are two good inns, at which the mails and other coaches stop. An extensive brewery, belonging to Mr. Blake, produces from 4000 to 5000 barrels of malt liquor annually; attached to it are a malting concern, making about 600 quarters of malt, and some flour-mills, carried on by the sons of that gentleman: there is also a tannery, and the manufacture of coarse linens is extensive. The markets, on Wednesday and Saturday, are abundantly supplied with provisions of all kinds, and with fish from Galway and Ballina; fairs are held on May 10th, July 4th, Oct. 20th, and Dec. 15th. The market-house is a neat building, nearly in the centre of the town.

The inhabitants received their first charter from Jas. I., who in the 11th of his reign incorporated them under the designation of "the Sovereign, Free Burgesses, and Commonalty of the Borough of Tuam." By this charter the corporation consists of a sovereign, twelve free burgesses, and an indefinite number of freemen, assisted by a recorder, treasurer, town-clerk, two serjeants-at-mace, and other officers. The sovereign, who is judge of the borough court and clerk of the market, is chosen annually from the free burgesses by a majority of that body, on the festival of St. John, and is sworn into office on that of St. Michael; the free burgesses fill up vacancies as they occur, by a majority of their body, by whom also freemen are admitted, and the officers of the corporation appointed. The charter conferred upon the corporation the privilege of returning two members to the Irish parliament, which they continued to exercise till the Union, when the borough was disfranchised. The borough court of record had jurisdiction to the amount of five marks, but since 1826 few proceedings have issued from it, and within the last few years it has been altogether discontinued. The general sessions of the peace are held here twice in the year, and petty sessions every Wednesday; a chief constabulary police force is stationed in the town. The court-house is a neat and well-arranged building: annexed to it is a small bridewell, containing two day-rootns and airing-yards, and eight cells.

The SEE of TUAM, as before noticed, was founded in the early part of the 6th century by St. Jarlath, of whose successors, who for some years after his death were styled comorbans, bishops, or archbishops of Connaught, but little is recorded, with the exception of Muredach O' Dubhai, who in 1143 convened a great synod of 12 bishops and 500 priests at this place, to devise the best means of ransoming Rory O'Conor, son of Tirdelvac, King of Ireland, who had been taken prisoner by Tiernan O'Rourk. That prelate was succeeded, in 1500, by Edan O'Hoisin, who, at the synod held in 1152 by Cardinal Paparo, was invested with the pall, and the see of Tuam became one of the four archbishopricks of Ireland. The bishopricks of Mayo, Killala, Roscommon, Clonfert, Achonry, Cluan, and Duach were at that time made suffragan to it, to which was afterwards united the see of Mayo, and in 1252 that of Enaghdune, on petition of Florence Mac Flin to Hen. III.; it was, however, frequently held separately, but, after many contests, became finally part of the see of Tuam in 1421. Edward Singe, who became archbishop in 1716, obtained an act in the first meeting of parliament after his succession, by which the quarta pars of the dues of the officiating clergy was settled upon such rectors, vicars and curates within his see as should personally discharge their respective cures. Dr. Hort, who was translated to the archbishoprick in 1742, was permitted to retain the see of Ardagh, in the province of Armagh, which he held in commendam, in lieu of the see of Kilfenora, which had been previously held with Tuam, and his successors have ever since continued to hold it; the Archbishop of Tuam is, therefore, as Bishop of Ardagh, suffragan to the Lord-Primate of all Ireland. The Archbishoprick or Ecclesiastical Province of Tuam comprehends the six dioceses of Tuam, Elphin, Clonfert, Kilmacduagh, Killala, and Achonry, comprising an estimated superficies of 2,356,750 acres, and with the exception of the county of Leitrim and small portions of the counties of Sligo, Roscommon, and Galway, includes the whole of the civil province of Connaught, and a small part of King's county in the province of Leinster. Under the provisions of the Church Temporalities act, the sees of Tuam, Killala, and Achonry have been united; those of Clonfert and Kilmacduagh have also been united and are held with Killaloe, the diocese of Elphin being still held separately; consequently, two bishops only preside over the dioceses of the province, and are suffragan to the Archbishop of Tuam. Under the same act all archiepiscopal jurisdiction will cease on the next avoidance of the archbishoprick; Tuam, with the united diocese of Ardagh and Kilmore, in the province of Armagh, will be constituted one bishoprick, and with the other dioceses of the province of Tuam, become suffragan to the Archbishop of Armagh. The diocese of Tuam is the most extensive in Ireland: it is 77 miles in length and 63 in breadth, and comprises an estimated superficies of 1,135,650 acres, of which 675,250 are in the county of Galway, 424,700 in Mayo, and 35,700 in the county of Roscommon. The lands belonging to the archiepiscopal see, or the united dioceses of Tuam and Ardagh, comprise 86,800 3/4 statute acres, of which 39,531 1/2, are profitable land; and the gross annual revenue, on an average of three years ending Dec. 31st, 1831, is returned by the Ecclesiastical Commissioners as amounting to £8206. 13. 9. The chapter consists of a dean, a provost, an archdeacon, and the eight prebendaries of Kilmeen, Killabeggs, Teighsasson, Kilmoylan, Kilmainmore, Ballagh, Faldown, and Laccagh. There is one vicar choral, whose office is a corporation in itself, endowed with several plots of ground and houses in the town, with portions of the tithes of the parishes of Kilconly and Kilbannon, and with 56 acres of land, altogether producing £200. 17. per annum. The economy fund of the cathedral arises from several parcels of land in the parish, let on lease at a yearly rental of £76. 5. 8 1/2. The diocese comprises 34 benefices, of which 19 are unions of two or more parishes, and 15 are single parishes; of these, two are in the patronage of the Crown, one in that of the corporation of Galway, one in alternate patronage, and the remainder in the patronage of the archbishop or the incumbents. The total number of parishes is 90, of which 86 are rectories and the remainder perpetual curacies; there are 31 churches and 18 other buildings in which divine service is performed, and 21 glebe-houses. The cathedral, which is also the parochial church, appears to be only a portion of the original building: it has some remains of Norman character, and the arch at the entrance of the porch is of a kind of red gritty stone not found in any part of the county; it was repaired in 1688, and about 50 years since was considerably damaged by an accidental fire.

The R. C. archbishop's province comprises the diocese of Tuam, with the bishopricks of Clonfert, Achonry, Elphin, Kilmacduagh and Kilfenora, Killala, and Galway: the diocese of Kilfenora is alternately suffragan to the archbishopricks of Tuam and Cashel; and on the dissolution of the R. C. wardenship of Galway, in 1831, that portion of the diocese of Tuam was formed into a separate see, the remainder constituting the diocese of Tuam, which comprises 52 parochial unions, and contains 103 chapels served by 52 parish priests and 57 coadjutors or curates. The parochial benefices of Tuam and Kilmina, each served by an administrator and several curates, constitute the mensal of the archbishop.

The R. C. cathedral is a handsome cruciform structure of hewn stone, in the later English style, with a lofty western tower, and six square turrets at the angles and other parts of the building, each rising above the open parapets in an octangular form and terminating in eight octangular minarets richly crocketed; the walls are strengthened with panelled buttresses of several stages, terminating in richly crocketed pinnacles rising above the parapet, which is enriched with open tracery: the principal entrance is under the western tower through a richly moulded and gracefully pointed arch, and the entrances to the aisles are of similar design; the eastern end of the building is ornamented with a lofty oriel window of elegant design, and the whole has a very magnificent appearance. The interior is finely arranged; the ceiling is tastefully enriched with stucco and pannelled in compartments; the east window is embellished with scriptural subjects in stained glass, and the windows of the transepts and aisle are enriched with flowing tracery; the high altar of variegated marble, the tabernacle, and canopy, which were brought from Rome, are exquisitely wrought; the whole is one of the most beautiful ecclesiastical edifices in the country. Nearly £12000, raised by subscription, has been expended in its erection, and a considerable sum will be required for its completion.

The parish comprises 13,913 statute acres, as applotted under the tithe act: the land is generally of good quality and in a state of profitable cultivation. The principal seats are Birmingham, the property of the Earl of Louth, at present uninhabited; Gardenfield, the residence of J. Kirwan, Esq.; Queensfort, of S. Leonard, Esq.; Wilfort, of W. Lindsay, Esq.; Tullinadaly, of Jas. Kirwan, Esq.; Kilclooney, of J. T. Bodkin, Esq.; and Ballygaddy, of Mr. J. Daly. The living of Tuarn is a rectory and vicarage, the rectory partly appropriate to the provost and partly to the vicar choral, and partly united to parts of the rectories of Clonbern,; .Liskeevy, Addergoole, Belclare-Tuam, Templetogher, Crossboyne, and Dunmore, and to the rectory of Boyanagh, together constituting the corps of the deanery of Tuam, in the patronage of the Crown. The lands belonging to the deanery comprise 1629 statute acres, of which 67 are in the parish of Tuam; the whole are let at a rent of £127. 9. 1., with annual renewal fines amounting to £45. 12. 3 3/4.; the gross value of the deanery is £680. 15. 2 1/2. per annum. The vicarage, by act of council in 1789, was united to the vicarages of Belclare-Tuam, Kilbennan, Kilconla, Liskeevy, and Addergoole, and is in the patronage of the Archbishop. The tithes amount to £547. 7. 3., of which £195 is payable to the appropriators, and £379. 4. 7 1/2. to the vicar. The glebe-house was built in 1792, at an expense of £584, and in 1813 £784 British was expended in its improvement by the then incumbent. The glebe lands of the union comprise 39 acres, valued at £63 per ann.; and the gross value of the benefice, including tithe and glebe, amounts to £741. 16. 2 1/2. The R. C. parish is co-extensive with that of the Established Church: the parishioners attend divine service at the cathedral. A college for the instruction of young men for the R. C. priesthood, and also for general education, was founded here by the late Dr. Kelly, archbishop of the diocese, in 1814: it is supported partly by contributions of £2 per ann. from each parish priest in the diocese, and by the payments of lay boarders; it is under the superintendence of three ecclesiastical and two lay professors, and has a very extensive library: the premises, being inadequate to accommodate the number of pupils, are about to be rebuilt. A Presentation convent was erected here under the will of the late W. Burke, Esq., who bequeathed his house and a large sum of money for that purpose: there are at present only five sisters in the establishment, which was opened in 1835; attached to the building is a spacious school-room, in which poor girls are taught by the ladies of the convent. About 570 children are taught in three public schools, of which a model school under the Diocesan Society is supported by the archbishop, who contributes £35 annually and gives a house rent-free and fuel; and there are 23 private schools, in which are about 770 children, and a dispensary. Of the seven churches formerly in this parish, the only one now remaining is the cathedral church of St. Mary; but vestiges of the other six may still be traced in various parts of the town; they were "the Church of the Shrine," of the abbey of the Holy Trinity, of St. John, St. Bridget, St. Jarlath, and the old parish church, the burial-ground of which is still a favourite place of interment for the R. C. parishioners. There are also some slight remains of the ancient castle, which consisted of a strong keep, with a large court-yard defended by lofty massive walls with towers at the angles and at the gateway entrance, and was surrounded by a deep fosse, into which the waters of the adjacent river were diverted.

TUBBER, a parish, in the barony of UPPERCROSS, county of DUBLIN, and province of LEINSTER, 1 mile (N.) from Dunlavan, on the road to Ballymore-Eustace; containing 104 inhabitants. The parish, which comprises only 900 acres, is situated at the point of junction of the counties of Kildare, Dublin, and Wicklow. It is a curacy, in the diocese of Dublin, annexed by act of council, in 1833, to the union of Dunlavan: the rectory is appropriate to the archbishop. The tithes amount to £88. 12. 3 3/4. In the R. C. divisions it forms part of the union or district of Dunlavan. There are slight remains of the old church, situated in a burial-place near an old mansion, the property of the Leslie family, now occupied by the police.

TUBBER, or TUBBER-ROE, a village, in the parish of KILCROAN, barony of HALF-BALLYMOE, county of GALWAY, and province of CONNAUGHT, 5 miles (S. W.) from Ballymoe, near the road from Dunmore to Roscommon; containing 141 inhabitants. Here are the ruins of an ancient abbey.

TUBBERCURRY, or TOBERCORRY, a chapelry, in the parish of ACHONRY, barony of LENEY, county of SLIGO, and province of CONNAUGHT, 8 1/4 miles (S. W.) from Ballymote, on the road from Boyle to Ballina; containing 650 inhabitants. The village, which comprises 90 houses, of which only 15 are slated, has a penny post to Ballymote, and a dispensary: it is a constabulary police station, and petty sessions are held in it every Thursday. There is a market on Monday; and fairs are held on Feb. 6th, March 25th, May 22nd, June 27th, Aug. 15th, Oct. 4th, and Nov. 29th. The chapel is a neat building with an octagonal tower, erected in 1830 by aid of a gift of £900 from the late Board of First Fruits: it is built of limestone (procured in a quarry in the parish) in the Gothic style, and stands on a commanding eminence. The curate is appointed by the Dean of Achonry, and has a stipend of £75 per annum.

TUBBERMORE, or TOBARMORE, a post-town, in the parish of KILCRONAGHAN, barony of LOUGHINSHOLIN, county of LONDONDERRY, and province of ULSTER, 18 miles (S.) from Coleraine, on the road to Armagh, and 98 (N. by W.) from Dublin; containing 679 inhabitants. It is situated on the river Moyola, and comprises 132 small thatched houses, in one wide irregular street. Fairs are held on Jan. 17th, Feb. 13th, March 28th, May 31st, July 5th, Aug. 12th, and Oct. 19th. Here are chapels for the Independents and Presbyterians. The ancient fountain, or Tober-mor, which gave name to the town, and is now dry, was once sufficiently powerful to supply a mill close by, now in ruins.

TUBBERS, or TUBBERINDOWNEY, a village, in the parish of BEAGH, barony of KILTARTAN, county of GALWAY, and province of CONNAUGHT, 5 miles (S. W.) from Gort, on the road to Ennis; containing 140 inhabitants. Two large fairs for horses and lambs are held here on July 12th and Sept. 20th.

TUBBERSCANAVIN, a village, in the parish of BALLYSADERE, barony of TIRAGHKILL, county of SLIGO, and province of CONNAUGHT, 1 mile (S. E.) from Collooney, on the road from Boyle to Sligo; containing 48 houses and 233 inhabitants. Fairs are held on May 17th, June 30th, Sept. 19th, and Oct. 31st.

TUBBERVILLE.--See TRUBLY.

TUBBRIDBRITTAIN, or TUBBRIDBRETAIN, a parish, in the barony of CRANAGH, county of KILKENNY, and province of LEINSTER, 5 miles (S. W.) from Freshford, on the road to Urlingford; containing 556 inhabitants, and comprising 3884 statute acres. It is a vicarage, in the diocese of Ossory, forming part of the union of Aghoure, or Freshford; the rectory is impropriate in the corporation of Kilkenny. The tithes amount to £250, of which £166. 13. 4. is payable to the corporation, and £83. 6. 8. to the vicar. In the R. C. divisions the parish forms part of the union or district of Urlingford, and contains a large chapel recently erected. The parochial school, in which about 80 children are taught, is aided by subscriptions; and there is a private school, in which are about 140 children. Here is an ancient castle, consisting of a square tower.

TUBRID, a parish, in the barony of IVERK, county of KILKENNY, and province of LEINSTER, 9 1/2 miles (S. by W.) from Knocktopher; containing 213 inhabitants, and comprising 980 statute acres, as applotted under the tithe act, and valued at £525 per annum. It is a rectory, in the diocese of Ossory, forming part of the union of Fiddown; the tithes amount to £50. In the R. C. divisions it is part of the union or district of Moncoin. A day school, in which about 100 children are taught, is aided by contributions from the parish priest; and a Sunday school is held in the R. C. chapel.

TUBRID, a parish, in the barony of IFFA and OFFA WEST, county of TIPPERARY, and province of MUNSTER, 4 miles (S. W.) from Cahir, on the road to Clogheen: containing 4550 inhabitants. Exclusive of mountain and bog, this parish comprises about 10,000 statute acres. Within its limits are a station of the constabulary police, and the following seats: Scart, the residence of H. Rice, Esq., and Carrigataha, of W. J. Fennel, Esq., pleasantly situated near the river Suir. The manor is the property of Lord Waterpark. The living is a vicarage, in the diocese of Lismore, episcopally united to those of Ballybacon and Whitechurch, and in the patronage of the Bishop: the rectory forms part of the corps of the deanery. The tithes amount to £955. 5. 3., of which £567. 8. 7. is payable to the dean and the remainder to the incumbent. A portion of the deanery lands, comprising 40 statute acres, is in this parish; the glebe comprises 27a. 3r. 3p., and there is a glebe in Ballybacon of 4a. 1r. 22p. The church is a modern edifice with a neat tower. In the R. C. divisions the parish forms part of the union or district of Ballylooby, or Whitechurch. About 200 children are educated in the parochial schools, which are aided by an annual donation from Lord Waterpark; the school-house, with a residence for the master, was built at the expense of the late Lord Waterpark, who also gave an acre of land towards its support: there are also three private schools, in which are about 170 children. Some remains of Ruscoe Castle still exist, boldly situated on a rock; and there is a holy well, dedicated to St. Kearn, much venerated by the peasantry. The Irish historian, Dr. Geoffrey Keating, who was a native and priest of this parish, is buried in Tubrid churchyard; in front of an old ruined chapel, close to the church, is a Latin inscription, dated 1644, enjoining the reader to pray for the souls of Eugenius Duhy and Geoffrey Keating, its founders.

TULLA, or TULLOH, a market, and post-town, and a parish, in the barony of TULLA, county of CLARE, and province of MUNSTER, 10 miles (E.) from Ennis, and 109 3/4 (W. N. W.) from Dublin, on the road from Ennis to Killaloe; containing 7514 inhabitants, of which number, 874 are in the town. This place appears to have some claims to antiquity; there are numerous remains of ancient castles, formerly the residences of its landed proprietors. The town is pleasantly situated on a hill, and is surrounded with highly interesting scenery, enlivened with numerous elegant seats and pleasing villas. The principal trade is derived from its situation on a public thoroughfare, and is chiefly confined to the supply of the surrounding neighbourhood. The market is on Thursday; fairs, chiefly for the sale of cattle, are held on May 13th and Sept. 29th. A chief constabulary police force is stationed in the town; road sessions for the barony are held here, as are also petty sessions on alternate Thursdays, and a manorial court every month: there is a small bridewell for the district. The parish comprises 15,304 statute acres; there is a large tract of mountain, and a considerable portion of bog; the system of agriculture is rapidly improving; the only waste land is mountain, which, in consequence of the improved lines of road now in progress, and the abundance of limestone, will be speedily reclaimed and brought into cultivation. On the ploughland of Milltown is a lead mine, which was formerly worked but is at present discontinued; and among the grey limestone rocks is a vein of white calcareous spar, which has not yet been worked. The principal seats are Maryfort, the residence of G. O'Callaghan, Esq.; Kiltanon, of J. Moloney, Esq.; Newlawn, of H. Westropp, Esq.; Fort Anne, of J. Westropp, Esq.; Cragg, of J. Maloney, Esq.; Kilgoray, of D. O'Connell, Esq.; Stone Hall, of T. McMahon, Esq.; Knockane, of J. McMahon, Esq.; Newgrove, of T. Browne, Esq.; Tyredagh, of Mrs. Browne; and Deremore, of F. Gore, Esq.

The living is a rectory and vicarage, in the diocese of Killaloe; one moiety of the rectory forms part of the union of Ogashin, and the other, with the vicarage, constitutes the corps of the prebend of Tulloh in the cathedral of Killaloe. The tithes amount to £380. 15. 5 1/4., of which £284. 9. 11. is payable to the prebendary of Tulloh, £92. 6. 1 3/4 to the incumbent of Ogashin, and £3. 19. 4 1/2. to the prebendary of Tomgraney. The glebe-house is a good residence near the church, and the glebe comprises 2 3/4 acres; the church, towards the erection of which the late Board of First Fruits granted a loan of £500, in 1812, is a neat edifice with a spire. The R. C. parish is co-extensive with that of the Established Church; it contains two chapels, one in the town and one at Drimcharley. There are five private schools, in which are about 340 children; and a dispensary. At Kiltanon is a succession of limestone caverns, through which a rivulet takes its course; these are much visited in summer: many petrified shells are found in the limestone, some of which are nearly perfect and very curious. On the hill of Tulla are the remains of an ancient abbey, and of a druidical altar.

TULLAFERNE, county of DONEGAL.--See TULLY.

TULLAGH, county of CARLOW.--See TULLOW.

TULLAGH, a parish, in the Eastern Division of the barony of WEST CARBERY, county of CORK, and province of MUNSTER, 6 1/4 miles (S. by W.) from Skibbereen, on the southern coast; containing 3422 inhabitants. This parish, which includes the island of Sherkin or Innisherkin, and the village and sea-port of Baltimore (both of which are separately described), is situated on the harbour of Baltimore, and comprises 5796 statute acres, as applotted under the tithe act, and valued at £3174 per annum. The surface is hilly and in some places rises to a considerable elevation; the principal eminence is Ballylinch, 649 feet above the level of the sea. The greater portion of the parish is rocky, in some places quite bare, but in others affording good pasture: about one-half of the land is under cultivation, and as it consists chiefly of small patches among the rocks, spade husbandry is necessarily adopted, and the manure is conveyed on horseback. Good freestone is found near the shores of the inner bay, and slate exists in several places. The principal seats are Baltimore Castle, the residence of Mrs. Freake; Lough-Hyne, of Jas. O'Brien, Esq.: Baltimore House, of Jno. Collins, Esq.; the Cottage, of Thos. Baldwin, Esq.; and the glebe-house, of the Rev. J. R. Smyth. The living is a rectory and vicarage, in the diocese of Ross, and in the patronage of the Bishop: the tithes amount to £300. The glebe-house was built about 1818, when £100 was given and £825 lent by the late Board of First Fruits; the glebe comprises 10a. 1r. 3p. The church, towards the erection of which the late Board also granted a loan of £600 in 1818, is in the village of Baltimore. In the R. C. divisions the island of Innisherkin forms part of the union or district of Cape Clear, and the remainder of the parish, part of that of Skibbereen: there are two chapels, one in the island, the other at Rathmore; the latter, on the new road from Baltimore to Skibbereen, is a large plain building.

The parochial school at Baltimore, built in 1832 at the expense of Lord Carbery, is a large and handsome structure, comprising a centre and two wings, the former containing the master's apartments and the latter the male and female schools; in this, and in another school to which a sum of £4 per ann. is contributed by the Catholic inhabitants, for the education of the poor children, about 200 children are instructed. The extensive and picturesque ruins of Baltimore castle still remain, but of Ardagh castle, which stood on an eminence nearly in the centre of the parish, a small fragment only exists. The remains of the church are picturesquely situated on the shore of a small bay opposite the island of Ringa-Roga.

TULLAGHAN.--See ROSSINVER.

TULLAGHOBIGLEY, a parish, in the barony of KILMACRENAN, county of DONEGAL, and province of ULSTER, 7 miles (S. W.) from Dunfanaghy, on the north-west coast, and on the rivers Gwidore and Clady; containing 8464 inhabitants. For civil purposes it is divided into east and west; the former contains 5202, and the latter 3262, inhabitants. It is said to derive its name from Tully O'Bigley, who founded a monastery here, of which the remains exist. According to the Ordnance survey it comprises 68,608 statute acres, of which 785 are in Tory Island, 92 1/2 in the tideway of the Gwidore, and 1720 in small loughs; 19,811 are applotted under the tithe act. About one-fourth of the entire superficies is arable, and the remainder mountain and bog; agriculture is but little improved. Within the limits of the parish are the district of Cloghanheely and part of that of the Rosses; and the islands of Tory, (about two leagues to the north-east), Innisboffin, Island Dowey, or Innisduck, (comprising about 20 acres of arable and pasture and a quantity of mountain land), Innisbeg, Inisinney, and Innismanan, of which the two first are inhabited, and the rest only during the summer; also Bloody-Foreland-Point, in lat. 55°. 8'., and lon. 8°. 17'.; and the mountains of Errigal, 2462 feet, Carntreena 1396 feet, and Bloody-Foreland 1035 feet, above the level of the sea. In the Rosses, at a place called Rosapenna, so lately as 1784, the district was well cultivated, planted and improved, particularly around the mansion of Lord Boyne, whose demesne excited general admiration; but now the house, park, garden and even the tallest trees are covered with sand blown in from the Atlantic; even the chimneys are only visible at times, and, added to this, 1400 acres of land lie buried beneath the sand, which is every year increasing. On the townland of Tullaghobigley iron ore has been found in large lumps; and in the Errigal mountain, extensive lead mines, belonging to the Earl of Leitrim, have been successfuly worked, but are at present abandoned. Fairs are held at Gortahock on the first Tuesday, at the Cross Roads the last Thursday, and at Derrybeg on the last Monday in every month, but they are only indifferently attended. The gentlemen's seats are Cashel, the residence of R. Johnston, Esq.; and Dunloey, of Capt. Dambrene, where is a fine marble quarry. The living is a rectory and vicarage, in the diocese of Raphoe, and in the patronage of the Bishop: the tithes amount to £220, and the glebe comprises 40 acres, valued at £30 per annum. The roof of the church fell in in 1834, which having left it a ruin, divine service is now performed in the rector's house. In the R. C. arrangements the parish is divided into East and West Tullaghobigley, the former being united to the parish of Raymunterdoney: the chapel at Gortahork, in the eastern division, is a large slated building, erected about 50 years since; and at Cottern, in the western division, is a chapel, which has been built 87 years. The parochial school, in which are about 50 children, is aided by an annual donation from Col. Robertson's fund: there are also five private schools, in which are about, 80 children. At Maghragallan are the ruins of an old church and a burial-ground.

TULLAGHOG, a village, in the parish of DESERTCREIGHT, barony of DUNGANNON, county of TYRONE, and province of ULSTER, 2 1/4 miles (S. E.) from Cookstown, on the road from Stewartstown to Coleraine; containing 137 inhabitants. This place, though now an insignificant village, was of regal importance at an early period: on the summit of a gentle eminence, a little westward from the village, is a large circular encampment, surrounded by deep fosses and earthworks, on which stood the princely residence of the ancient clan of O'Haedhagain, or O'Hagan; in this fortress the kings of Ulster were solemnly inaugurated into the style and authority of "The O'Nial." The Earl of Tyrone retired into this strong-hold when retreating before the victorious army of Elizabeth; and here, in 1602, the Lord-Deputy Mountjoy remained for some time, and broke in pieces the strong chair of stone in which the kings of Ulster had been crowned. On June 27th, 1603, Sir Garrett More had here the first audience with the Earl of Tyrone, the last prince of the O'Nial race; and two days afterwards Tyrone left this fortress, and on the 30th, at Mellifont abbey, submitted to the English government; on the same day he received a pardon, and was shortly afterwards restored to his earldom and possessions. All that remains of this regal city is the fortress before noticed: a great number of unhewn blocks of limestone lie scattered around, but the last vestige of the regal chair has been carried away, though there were pieces of it in the orchard belonging to the glebe-house so lately as 1776. The fortress is covered with brambles and full-grown forest trees: it forms part of the glebe of Desertcreight. The village comprises 29 houses, among which are handsome male and female schools, with residences for the master and mistress, built and supported by John Lindesay, Esq. Four fairs are held during the year. Close adjoining it is the site of the ancient priory of Donarisk, founded by one of the O'Hagans in 1294, of which nothing remains but the cemetery, the ancient burial-place of the clan of O'Hagan, and more recently of the family of Lindesay: a remarkable tomb is erected to the memory of "Robert Lyndsay, Chiefe Harbeger to y King James."

TULLAGHORE, TULLACHGOR, or TULLOGHGOR, a parish, in the barony of UPPER DUNLUCE, county of ANTRIM, and province of ULSTER, adjoining the town of Ballymoney: the population is returned with the parish of that name, into which Tullaghore has merged. It comprises, according to the Ordnance survey, 432 1/2 statute acres. Here is said to have been formerly a religious house, over which St. Nehemias presided in the time of St. Patrick.

TULLAGHORTON, a parish, in the barony of IFFA and OFFA WEST, county of TIPPERARY, and province of MUNSTER, on the mail coach road from Clonmel to Cork, and on the river Tar; containing, with part of the post-town of Clogheen, 1965 inhabitants. This parish contains 2905 statute acres, as applotted under the tithe act, mostly under tillage. Here is abundance of limestone, used for manure and building; and peat is cut on the mountain, much of which is reclaimable. A silver mine was worked for a short time, about 40 years since, on the townland of Castle-Grace, but it was discontinued, though the ore was considered valuable. An extensive flour-mill, employing from 30 to 40 persons, the erection of which is supposed to have cost £6000, has lately been built at Castle-Grace by Sam. Grubb, Esq., of Clogheen. A manorial court is held in the parish by the seneschal of the Earl of Glengall, lord of the manor. Parson's Green was the residence of the late Rev. Dr. Tuckey; and Ballyboy is that of R. Croker, Esq. The living is a rectory and vicarage, in the diocese of Lismore; the rectory forms the corps of the prebend of Lismore, with which the vicarage is held, and is in the patronage of the Bishop. The tithes amount to £388. 9. 3.; the glebe, close to the site of the old church, comprises 3r. 6p., and is annexed to the vicarage. In the R. C. divisions the parish forms part of the union or district of Ballylooby, or Whitechurch, and contains a chapel. There are two private schools, in which about 190 children arc taught. Here is a holy well, to which pilgrims resort once a year. The ruins of a castle, denominated Castle-Grace, consist at present of two towers on the east side, comprising an area of about 40 yards square; it was erected as a strong position to check the inroads of the Desmonds by Raymond le Gros, who came over with Strongbow, and received a grant of this property, with other possessions, from King John: it passed to the Butler family, and is now the property of the Earl of Glengall. At Ballyboy are slight remains, indicating that it was once of considerable strength, of another old castle formerly belonging to the Desmonds.

TULLAHOUGHT, a parish, in the barony of KELLS, county of KILKENNY, and province of LEINSTER, 5 miles (N.) from Carrick-on-Suir, on the road to Kilmoganny; containing 1538 inhabitants. This parish is situated on the small river Lingam, which here separates the counties of Kilkenny and Tipperary, and the provinces of Leinster and Munster. It comprises 4364 statute acres; the substratum consists chiefly of a slaty argillite. Near Kilmacoliver is an extensive quarry of slate of superior quality, called the Ormond Quarry, in which about 150 persons are generally employed; the slates have an extensive sale in this and the adjoining counties, being considered nearly equal to the Welsh slates in colour and lightness; the quantity annually raised is considerable, and the works have been extended to a depth of 120 feet. Kilmacoliver is the residence of Danl. Osborne, Esq. It is a rectory, in the diocese of Ossory, entirely impropriate in the Marquess of Ormonde, to whom the tithes, amounting to £181, are payable. In the R. C. divisions it forms part of the union or district of Killamery; the chapel, a modern structure, is at Kilmacoliver. About 100 children are educated in two private schools. At Lamogue are some remains of an ancient church.

TULLAMAIN, a parish, in the barony of SHILLELOGHER, county of KILKENNY, and province of LEINSTER, 1 1/2 mile (N.) from Callan, on the road to Kilkenny; containing 435 inhabitants, and comprising 1147 statute acres, as applotted under the tithe act. It is a rectory and vicarage, in the diocese of Ossory, forming part of the union of Callan: the tithes amount to £105. In the R. C. divisions also it is part of the union or district of Callan.

TULLAMAIN, a parish, in the barony of MIDDLETHIRD, county of TIPPERARY, and province of MUNSTER, 4 miles (W.) from Fethard; containing 503 inhabitants. It comprises 2126 statute acres, as applotted under the tithe act: the land is in general good and mostly in pasture, and there is abundance of limestone. Tullamain House, pleasantly situated, is the residence of John Maher, Esq. It is a rectory and vicarage, in the diocese of Cashel, forming part of the union of Redcity: the tithes amount to £140. About 120 children are educated in the national school at Rose-Green, and about 90 in two private schools. Some remains of the old church still exist; and there is a very extensive moat with several intrenchments, which, from its being planted with fine trees, forms a conspicuous object in the surrounding neighbourhood.

TULLAMORE, or KILBRIDE, a market, assize and post-town, and a parish, in the barony of BALLYCOWAN, KING'S county, and province of LEINSTER, 20 miles (S. E. by E.) from Athlone, and 49 1/2 (W. by S.) from Dublin, on the road to Parsonstown, and on the line of the Grand Canal from Dublin to Shannon harbour; containing 7626 inhabitants, of which number 6342 are in the town. About the year 1790 this place was an insignificant village, consisting almost wholly of thatched cabins; but having been nearly destroyed by an accidental fire, occasioned by the mismanagement of a fire balloon, it was rebuilt by the Earl of Charleville, the proprietor, in an improved manner. Its central situation in a very fertile agricultural district, and the circumstance of its being for some time the terminus of the Grand Canal, before it was extended to Shannon harbour, caused it to increase very rapidly in wealth and population, insomuch that an act of parliament was passed in 1833 to transfer the place of holding the assizes and transacting the county business to it from Philipstown, which had been the assize town from the time of the formation of the county in the reign of Philip and Mary. The small river Clodagh, a branch of the Brosna, passes through it, and is crossed by a neat bridge. The town is the chief mart for the agricultural produce of a large extent of country, which in return draws from it the requisite supplies of foreign articles and manufactures: several stores have been erected on the banks of the Grand Canal, which passes close to the town, and affords a direct communication between this central depot and Dublin on one side and the west of Ireland on the other: the distance of Tullamore from Dublin by the canal is 57 miles. Various branches of industry are carried on here with considerable spirit: there is a large brick-manufactory in the town: a distillery produces from forty to fifty thousand gallons of whiskey annually; there is also a brewery. The market, which is held on Tuesday and Saturday, is well supplied with provisions; a neat market-house has been built by Lord Charleville: fairs are held on May 10th, July 10th, and Oct. 21st. The assizes for the county and the general sessions of the peace are held here, as also are petty sessions every Saturday. The new county court-house is a fine building in the Grecian style, containing all the requisite accommodations for the public business: the county gaol, erected in 1831, is a castellated building on the radiating principle. The town is a chief constabulary police station, and has a barrack capable of accommodating 3 officers and 85 non-commissioned officers and privates.

The parish originally formed part of the lands of the abbey of Durrow, on the dissolution of which they were divided into the two parishes of Dermagh, or Durrow, and Kilbride, which constituted a union until separated by an order of council. It contains 6262 1/4 statute acres, the greater portion of which consists of town-parks of highly cultivated land of good quality; the remainder is of an inferior description, and includes some boggy ground: it contains quarries of excellent limestone for building. The demesne of Charleville forest, the seat of the Earl of Charleville, extends to the town: it is remarkable for the judicious advantage taken of its great natural beauties. The mansion is a spacious modem structure, erected in the style of an English baronial castle from designs by Mr. Fras. Johnston: the demesne contains about 1500 statute acres richly wooded, and comprises two artificial lakes, the larger of which is studded with islands. The Clodagh passes through it along a deep glen, forming several fine cascades overhung with trees; the largest of the cascades is seen to most advantage from an artificial grotto formed for the purpose of giving employment during a season of scarcity. The living is a rectory, in the diocese of Meath, partly impropriate in the Earl of Norbury, and partly, with cure of souls, in the patronage of the Bishop: the tithes amount to £278. 1. 4., one-half of which is payable to the impropriator and the other to the incumbent. The glebe-house, which is near the church, was built by means of a gift of £323 and a loan of £415 from the late Board of First Fruits, in 1815: the glebe comprises 4 1/2 acres, valued at £9. The church, situated about half a mile from the town, on the Portarlington road, was erected in 1818, in the Gothic style, after a design by Mr. Johnston, at an expense of £8030 British, of which £738 was a gift and £2769 a loan from the Board of First Fruits, and the residue, amounting to £4523, was a donation from Lord Charleville: the Ecclesiastical Commissioners have lately granted £700 towards its repairs. In the R. C. divisions the parish is the head of a union or district, comprising also that of Durrow: each parish has a chapel; that in Tullamore is a large building, to which several additions have been made in various styles of architecture. There are places of worship for Primitive and Wesleyan Methodists, and a meeting-house belonging to the Society of Friends. A male and female school is supported by the Earl and Countess of Charleville, another school is in connection with the Board of National Education, and a third under the London Irish Baptist Society; in all these 578 boys and 482 girls receive instruction; and in 15 private schools there are about 360 pupils. The county infirmary is in the town. The remains of a castle, built in 1626 by Sir Jasper Herbert, on the abbey lands demised to him by Queen Elizabeth for a term of years, and afterwards granted to him in fee by Jas. I., are still in existence; as also those of three small square castles built by some of his tenants at Ballestillenury, Aharne and Aughinanagh: the ruins of the first-named shew it to have been a building of some extent and grandeur, and an inscription over the entrance records the date and circumstances of its erection. Shrahikerne castle was built, as appears from an inscription on its ruins, in 1588 by John Briscoe, an officer in Queen Elizabeth's army: its name signifies "Kearney of the Shragh," the remains of whose family house, previously to the building of the castle, are also still to be seen. There are several sulphuro-chalybeate springs in the vicinity. Tullamore gives the subordinate title of Baron to the Earl of Charleville.

TULLANISKEN, a parish, in the barony of DUNGANNON, county of TYRONE, and province of ULSTER, on the road from Dungannon to Stewartstown, and on the Tyrone canal; containing, with the post-town of Coal-Island (which see), 4102 inhabitants. This parish comprises, according to the Ordnance survey, 446l 1/4 statute acres, of which 26 are under water; the surface is remarkably undulating and the soil various; that part which is under tillage is generally productive of good corn crops and flax. At Derryvale, Torren Hill, and New Mills, are large greens for bleaching linen cloth, where about 20,000 pieces are annually finished, chiefly for the English markets. At Coal Island, Oghran, and New Mills, are also extensive iron-works, forges, and plating-mills, for the manufacture of spades, shovels, edge-tools, &c. At Coal Island also is a very large establishment for the manufacture of fire-bricks, pots for glass-houses, and crucibles, which was established in 1834 by two English gentlemen from Stourbridge: the greater part of the goods manufactured here, are for London, Liverpool and other principal manufacturing towns in Lancashire. Here are also extensive coal-works, earthenware manufactories, and many other trades dependent on the above, all in full operation and productive of great benefit to this part of the country. The surrounding scenery is interesting and the land is well planted. Among the principal seats are Lisdhue, the residence of the Hon. A. G. Steuart; Bloomhill, of Jas. Scott, Esq.; Drumreagh, of W. Lowry, Esq.; Torren Hill, of J. S. Murray, Esq.; Beech Grove, of J. Pike, Esq.; Derryvale, of J. Davis, Esq.; and Tullanisken glebe, of the Rev. Robert Kingsmore.

The living is a rectory, in the diocese of Armagh, and in the patronage of the Lord-Primate; the tithes amount to £200. The glebe-house was built about 1791, at a cost of £813 British, of which £100 was a gift from the late Board of First Fruits. The old church was destroyed in the war of 1641; and in the 15th of Chas. II. this parish was united to that of Drumglass, and Tullanisken church remained in ruins until 1792, when Primate Robinson dissolved the union and erected the present church at New Mills, near the ancient one; it is in the later English style, with an embattled square tower, and was built at a cost of £553 British, of which £461 was a gift from the before-mentioned Board, £35 was raised by parochial assessment, and the residue by private subscription: in 1823 a gallery was added at an expense of £73, of which £40 was subscribed by individuals, the residue being raised by parochial assessment. In the R. C. divisions the parish is one of three forming the union or district of Drumglass, and has one small chapel. The parochial schools, at New Mills, near the church, are aided by the rector; the school-house was built in 1821, with a residence for the master, and is endowed with an acre of land from the glebe. A school at Creenagh is aided by an annual donation from Lord Castlesteuart: in these schools are about 180 children. There are also a school at Edendork and a private school. Near Lake Farlough is an ancient mansion named after it, distinguished as occupying the site of Tyrone's favourite camp; and a little westward from Tullanisken church, on the northern bank of the Torren, is a large and well-fortified encampment thrown up by Turlogh O'Nial. In the churchyard is a venerable ash tree, measuring 29 feet in circumference; and near Drumrea is a valuable sulphureous spring, much resorted to and highly beneficial in scorbutic cases. Ducart, the celebrated engineer, resided for some years in this parish, and under his direction the aqueducts, bridges, &c., were constructed, by the Board of Inland Navigation.

TULLAROAN, a parish, in the barony of CRANAGH, county of KILKENNY, and province of LEINSTER, 7 miles (N. W.) from Kilkenny; containing 3650 inhabitants, of which number 182 are in the village. Tullaroan formed part of the extensive territories of Raymond le Gros, Earl Strongbow's companion in arms. He fixed his principal residence at Courtstown, in this parish, whence the head of the family was in after times sometimes styled Baron of Tullaroan or of Courtstown, and the surrounding lands were often distinguished by the name of Grace's parish. Its eastern boundary lies within four miles of the city of Kilkenny, joining the liberties; its western is the small river Munster, which borders it for three miles, forming the line of demarcation between Kilkenny and Tipperary: its extent is about six miles from east to west and five from north to south. Three-fourths of the parish consist of hills of considerable height, enclosing a fertile and spacious vale of pasture and meadow ground, opening southwards to a rich and well-planted range of country. The hills are capable of cultivation to their summits, and the vale consists of a fine aluminous soil irrigated by a number of streams, the principal of which, rising in the northern part, after passing through it, falls into the King's river at Callan: this stream is remarkable for the number and quality of its trout, while in the neighbouring stream of the Munster, that fish is scarcely ever taken. The soil of the hills consists of argillaceous clay and peat, easily reclaimable by a judicious application of lime and marl. Though more subject to rain than the more level districts, it is far from being wet or boggy, and is peculiarly healthy, having been less affected by the ravages of typhus fever during the visitations of that disease than any other part of the county. Many parts of the valley were once thickly planted; but the land has been completely cleared since the Revolution; and as no pains were then taken to preserve a sufficient quantity, nor have been since to repair the loss by new plantations, the landscape presents a bare and denuded appearance. The hills form part of a chain extending south-westwards into Tipperary, where they form a portion of the coal districts. Indications of this valuable mineral are perceptible in many parts of the parish, but the attempts to explore the veins have not been undertaken in that spirit of scientific perseverance that would enable the speculators to form a well-grounded estimate of the probable results of an outlay of capital. As far as the superficial workings have afforded means of determining the quality of the veins, these appear to enlarge as they descend, dipping into the mountain at an angle of about 23 degrees; and therefore incapable of being worked with a prospect of success without a large expenditure for machinery and skilful workmanship. The crops mostly cultivated are oats and potatoes, the soil not being found to be well adapted for wheat; but most of the land is under meadow or pasture, chiefly for dairy farms, there being very few landholders who do not send considerable quantities of butter to market. The village is a constabulary police station, and has a fair on the 28th of August. The roads in some parts are formed of a kind of black slate, which in wet weather is very soft: this defect could easily be remedied, as abundance of good gravel is to be had from the beds of the streams.

It is a rectory and vicarage, in the diocese of Ossory, forming part of the union of Callan: the tithes amount to £513. 4. 4. In the R. C. divisions it is part of the union or district of Freshford: the chapel is on the townland of Brith. There are six private schools, in which about 280 children receive instruction. There is scarcely a townland in which some vestige of remote antiquity cannot be traced. One of the most perfect raths is at Courtstown: it is composed of a large moated enclosure encompassing a smaller: on the. same townland are two others of inferior dimensions: others of very large size are on the lands of Rathely-Grace, and near the site of the old parish church. The ruins of Courtstown castle, which for many years presented striking remains indicative of its former extent and importance, are now reduced to little more than an outline of the foundations: in digging among these many curious relics of former ages have been discovered. About, half a mile eastward of the castle are the ruins of Tullaroan church and Grace's chapel, both founded by members of the Grace family; the former are of small extent and present little to attract attention; the latter, which is an offset from the church, is entered by a curiously decorated ogee gateway. The remains of a small structure, supposed to be a friary, are near the church; and at the rath of Rathely-Grace are some remains of the eastern window of an old church and of its side walls, which are pierced with loopholes instead of windows. In the village are two ornamented stone crosses in a perfect state; a third, now mutilated, is on the roadside near Bonnetstown. The water in some of the land drains is deeply coloured with an ochreous matter, affording strong indications of the existence of iron.

TULLILEASE, a parish, partly in the barony of ORRERY and KILMORE, but chiefly in that of DUHALLOW, county of CORK, and province of MUNSTER, 7 miles (W. S. W.) from Charleville, on the new road from Newcastle to Kanturk; containing 2155 inhabitants. It is situated on the river Allua, which flows into the Blackwater below Kanturk, and it comprises 8241 statute acres, as applotted under the tithe act, and valued at £4670 per annum. The state of agriculture is rapidly improving, in consequence of the construction of new roads in this district, of which that between Newcastle and Kanturk intersects the parish from the borders of the county of Limerick to John's Bridge. Some veins of culm have been discovered, but not yet worked; at Ballinaguila is a quarry of fine flagstones; and there are some quarries of good brownstone within the limits of the parish. On the river Allua is a small oatmeal mill. Fairs are held at Tullilease on March 1st, April 29th, June 29th, and Oct. 24th, for cattle and pigs. The seats are Tullilease House, the residence of J. J. Sullivan, Esq.; and Bellagh, of Edw. Allen, Esq. The living is a vicarage, in the diocese of Cloyne, and in the patronage of the Bishop: the rectory is impropriate in the representatives of A. Ankittle, Esq. The tithes, amounting to £340, are payable in equal portions to the impropriators and the vicar. There is no church, but divine service is regularly performed on Sundays at Tullilease House. In the R. C. divisions the parish forms part of the union or district of Freemount; divine service is performed in a private house until a chapel can be built. About 50 children are educated in a private school. Of the ancient priory, which, according to Ware, was founded here by Matthew Mac Griffin for Canons Regular of the rule of St. Augustine, and which was afterwards united to Kells in Ossory, the ruins of the church still exist, and contain a stone effigy, supposed to be that of St. Barnabas, the patron saint: the burial-ground is still used.

TULLOGHALLEN.--See TULLYALLEN.

TULLOGHER, a village, in the parish of DYSERTMORE, barony of IDA, county of KILKENNY, and province of LEINSTER, 4 miles (S.) from Inistioge; containing 34 houses and 170 inhabitants.

TULLOGHMEELAN, or TULLAMELLON, a parish, in the barony of IFFA and OFFA WEST, county of TIPPERARY, and province of MUNSTER, 5 miles (S. W. by W.) from Clonmel, on the mail road to Cork; containing 1100 inhabitants. It is situated on the river Suir, and comprises 1660 acres, as applotted under the tithe act, chiefly under an improved system of tillage. Knocklofty, the seat of the Earl of Donoughmore, is situated in a finely wooded and extensive demesne, which, with the deer-park, comprises about 320 acres; the demesne, which is bounded on the south by the river, exhibits some delightful scenery, and commands extensive and interesting views. The living is a rectory, in the diocese of Lismore, united to that of Newcastle, and together constituting the corps of the treasurership, in the patronage of the Bishop: the tithes amount to £207. 2. 3. The lands belonging to the treasurership comprise 96 1/4 statute acres, of which 72, called Ballynalegan, adjoin the town of Lismore, on the river Black-water; the remaining 24 1/4 acres constitute the glebe of Newcastle, and the whole is let on lease at £47. 10. per annum, and an annual renewal fine of £27: the gross value of the dignity, tithe and land inclusive, amounts to £436. 0. 9. per annum. The glebe-house was built in 1817, when the late Board of First Fruits gave £100 and lent £750 towards its erection. The church, a neat and commodious edifice with a tower, was erected about 46 years since. In the R. C. divisions the parish forms part of the union or district of Ardfinnan, and contains a chapel. In the parochial school, which is chiefly supported by the Earl of Donoughmore, who also built the school-house, about 80 children are educated. John, second Earl of Donoughmore, is interred in the family vault at Tulloghmeelan; he succeeded Sir Ralph Abercromby in the command of the army in Egypt, where he much distinguished himself, and was raised to the peerage in 1801 as Baron Hutchinson of Alexandria and Knocklofty: his lordship died in 1832. There are some ancient Danish forts within the limits of the parish.

TULLOHANBROGE, or GROVE, a parish, in the barony of SHILLELOGHER, county of KILKENNY, and province of LEINSTER, 3 1/2 miles (W. S. W.) from Kilkenny, on the road to Callan; containing 620 inhabitants, and comprising 3616 statute acres. Within its limits is Ballykeefe Hill, the property of the Earl of Desart, which has been lately planted to the extent of 90 acres, and forms a conspicuous and interesting feature. It is a rectory and vicarage, in the diocese of Ossory, forming part of the union of Inchiolaghan and of the corps of the chancellorship: the tithes amount to £232. 10. In the R. C. divisions it is in the union or district of St. Patrick's. Some remains of the old church of Kyleballykeefe still exist; and at Ballykeefe are the ruins of the castle of that name.

TULLOW, or TULLOWPHELIM, a market and post-town, and a parish, in the barony of RATHVILLY, county of CARLOW, and province of LEINSTER, 7 1/4 miles (E. S. E.) from Carlow, and 46 1/2 (S. S. W.) from Dublin, on the road from Carlow to Newtownbarry; containing 2587 inhabitants, of which number, 1929 are in the town. This place, which is situated on the river Slaney, over which is a bridge of five arches, built, according to an inscription on it, in the year 1767, is supposed to have been originally an appendage to a castle erected here by some of the first English settlers under the directions of Hugh de Lacy, and to a monastery founded here in 1315 for Augustinian friars by Simon Lumbard and Hugh Tallon, whose grant was confirmed, in 1331, by Edw. III. At the dissolution its temporalities were granted to the Earl of Ormonde. The castle was defended by Col. Butler in 1650 against the parliamentarian army, but after a stubborn resistance it was taken by Cols. Hewson and Reynolds. There are no vestiges of it now in existence, and the only relic of the abbey is a mutilated stone cross in a burial-ground on the south side of the river. It is said that the building was taken down in the reign of Queen Anne, to supply materials for the erection of a barrack on a site now occupied by the court-house. The town comprises two main streets and a few lanes, in which are 305 houses, mostly of inferior description: its outlets extend into the two adjoining parishes of Ardristan and Killerig. It obtained a patent for holding a market on Saturday and again for another on Tuesday: the market is now held on Saturday, and is the best corn market in the county. Fairs are held on April 21st, July 10th, Oct. 29th, and Nov. 21st. The extensive flour-mill of Messrs. Doyle and Pim grinds about 10,000 barrels of wheat annually: there are also in the town two breweries belonging to Mr. Carter and Mr. Roche. General sessions of the peace are held in the town in January, April, June, and October; petty sessions are also held here: the business of both is transacted in a small court-house. The town is a chief constabulary police station.

The parish contains 5837 statute acres, as applotted under the tithe act: about one-half of it is meadow and pasture, and the remainder under tillage, with the exception of a small portion of wood. Two of its townlands are locally situated in the adjoining county of Wicklow, The Derreen river flows along its south-eastern and southern boundaries, and at its southern extremity joins the Slaney near the church of Aghade. The principal seats are Newstown, the residence of R. Eustace, Esq.; Rathglass, of Pilsworth Whelan, Esq.;-----, of R. Doyne, Esq.; Castlemore, the seat of the Eustace family; Rathrush, a seat of Viscount Frankfort de Montmorency: and Ballynunnery, of -- Swift, Esq.; the residence of W. Carter, Esq., is in the town. The living is a rectory, in the diocese of Leighlin, and in the patronage of the Marquess of Ormonde: the tithes amount to £600. There is a glebe-house, with a glebe near the church; the latter is a new building, erected in 1831 in the Gothic style. In the R. C. divisions the parish is the head of a union or district, comprising the parishes of Tullow and Tankardstown, and part of those of Ardristan, Pubbledrum, and Urglin. In the union there are three chapels; that of Tullow is a spacious building with three galleries, to which has been lately added a very fine tower and spire. There is a monastery in the town, the friars of which, ten in number, superintend a classical school, and also a national school, to which the Board of National Education allows £20 per annum for an additional master. The ladies of a convent superintend two schools, one for the daughters of the gentry, the other a free school for the education of the poorer classes; the latter of these also receives aid from the National Board. A number of orphan children are sent from Dublin to the monastery and convent schools for instruction. There is in the town a school for boys and girls, supported by subscriptions, and an infants' school, maintained by Chas. Doyne, Esq. There are also two private schools, in which are about 60 boys and 20 girls. Some distance south of the town are the ruins of Castle Grace, erected by one of the ancient family of Grace, descended from Raymond le Gros. The title of Viscount Tullowphelim was enjoyed successively by two branches of the Butler family, both of which have been many years extinct.

TULLOW, county of DUBLIN.--See TULLY.

TULLOWCRINE, a parish, in the barony of IDRONE WEST, county of CARLOW, and province of LEINSTER, 5 1/4 miles (S. W.) from Carlow, on the road from Leighlin-bridge to Castlecomer, and on the river Barrow; containing 1348 inhabitants. It is an impropriate cure, in the diocese of Leighlin, forming part of the union of Old Leighlin: the rectory is appropriate to the Dean and Chapter. The tithes amount to £300. In the R. C. divisions it forms part of the union or district of Leighlin-bridge.

TULLOWHERIN, a parish, in the barony of GOWRAN, county of KILKENNY, and province of LEINSTER, 3 1/4 miles (S. S. W.) from Gowran, on the road to Thomastown; containing 895 inhabitants, and comprising 5122 statute acres, as applotted under the tithe act. It is a rectory and vicarage, in the diocese of Ossory, the rectory being the corps of the precentorship, and the vicarage forming part of the union of Kilfane and corps of the archdeaconry, both in the patronage of the Bishop. The tithes amount to £460, of which £210 is payable to the rector and £250 to the vicar. In the R. C. divisions it forms part of the union or district of Thomas-town, and contains a chapel. Here is one of the ancient round towers, which at three feet from the ground is about 50 feet in circumference, and has an entrance at the height of about 12 feet; the upper part, near the summit, appears to have been lighted by eight windows, of which four still remain: it is built of silicious breccia, but the contiguous church, which is also an ancient edifice, and in ruins, is constructed of limestone.

TULLOWMAGRINAGH, or THUMAGURNA, a parish, in the barony and county of CARLOW, and province of LEINSTER, 4 miles (S. E. by S.) from Carlow, on the road from Leighlin-bridge to Tullow; containing 1109 inhabitants. It comprises 5913 statute acres, as applotted under the tithe act, chiefly under an improved system of tillage. The seats are Castletown, the residence of -- Faulkner, Esq.; Racroge, of W. Elliott, Esq.; and Kilballyhue, of -- Nolan, Esq. It is a rectory, in the diocese of Leighlin, forming the corps of the prebend of Tullowmagrinagh, in the cathedral of Leighlin, and part of the union of Ballinacarrig or Staplestown: the tithes amount to £320. 15. In the R. C. divisions it is the head of a union or district, also called Tinriland, comprising also the parishes of Ballinacarrig, Ballycrogue, and Benekerry, and containing the chapels of Tinriland and Benekerry, the former of which is in this parish. At Tinriland is a national school, in which about 340 children are educated. Mr. Haughton, a translator of some of Fenelon's works, lived in the parish.

TULLOWMOY, a parish, partly in the barony of BALLYADAMS, and partly in that of STRADBALLY, QUEEN'S county, and province of LEINSTER, 4 miles (S. by E.) from Stradbally, on the road to Castlecomer; containing 1527 inhabitants, and comprising 5913 statute acres as applotted under the tithe act. The living is a rectory, in the diocese of Leighlin, and in the patronage of the Bishop: the tithes amount to £300. In the R. C. divisions it forms part of the union or district of Ballyadams, and has a neat chapel. About 30 children are educated in a national school.

TULLY, or TULLAFERNE, a parish, in the barony of KILMACRENAN, county of DONEGAL, and province of ULSTER; containing, with part of the post-town of Ramelton, 6096 inhabitants. It is situated on a branch of Lough Swilly, and comprises, according to the Ordnance survey, 16,612 statute acres, of which 383 are water, and 14,908 are applotted under the tithe act and valued at £4585 per annum. There is a considerable portion of bog, also part of a lake, upwards of a mile in length, called Lough Feme: about 100 acres of land have been lately reclaimed from the sea at Mulroy bay; this bay admits the approach of vessels to within half a mile of the village of Milford. Several of the inhabitants are employed in linen-weaving at their own houses. The gentlemen's seats are Glenalla, the residence of the Rev. G. V. Hart; Clara, of Jas. Watt, Esq.; and Ballyare, of John Cochrane, Esq. The parish is in the diocese of Raphoe, and is a rectory, forming part of the union of Aughnish, or Tullyaughnish: the tithes amount to £590. 12. 8.; and there is a glebe, comprising 512 Cunningham acres, valued at £256 per annum. In the R. C. divisions it is the head of a union or district, comprising also the parish of Killygarvan, by which name the district is also called: each parish contains a chapel. There are two meeting-houses for Covenanters and one for Presbyterians. At Milford is a school on the foundation of Erasmus Smith, in which, and in two other public schools, about 260 children are educated; and about 290 children are taught in six private schools; there are also five Sunday schools.

TULLY, or TULLOW, also called BULLOCK, a parish, in the barony of HALF-RATHDOWN, county of DUBLIN, and province of LEINSTER; containing with the villages of Cabinteely and Carrickmines (each separately described), 1385 inhabitants. The former, which is the principal village, is situated 6 1/4 miles (S. S. E.) from Dublin, on the road to Bray. At the village of Golden-Ball, the eastern side of which is in this parish, is a twopenny post-office. The parish comprises 2845 statute acres, chiefly in a high state of cultivation, and embellished with numerous seats and well-planted demesnes. Granite and firestone are procured at Murphystown. Near Rockville is a deep and romantic glen or dingle. The principal seats are Leopardstown, the handsome residence of Fenton Hort, Esq., situated in a demesne of about 200 acres, the pleasure grounds of which are tastefully laid out, and command magnificent views of the. bay of Dublin, Killiney hills, Bray Head and Wicklow and Dublin mountains; Brenanstown House, the handsome and substantial mansion of Geo. Pim, Esq., also situated in a fine demesne; Cherryfield, the residence of the Rev. J. Hunt; Rocklands, of J. H. Dunne, Esq.; Rockville, of C. W. Roche, Esq., commanding a fine view of the bay of Killiney; Glanamuck, of Jos. Strong, Esq.; Priorsland, of the Rev. L. H. Bolton; Kingstown House, of the Rev. M. Mc Namara; North Lodge, of John Gilbert, Esq.: Carrickmines Castle, of Robt. Taylor, Esq., in the grounds of which are the remains of the ancient castle of that name; Bellmont, of Thos. Smith, Esq., M. D., commanding a magnificent mountain view; and Glen Druid, of Mrs. Barrington, which derives its name from a very perfect cromlech or druidical altar situated in a picturesque and richly wooded glen watered by a mountain stream; from the summit of a lofty tower, erected by the late Mr. Barrington, is obtained a splendid view of the sea, with the hills of Howth and Killiney, Bray Head, the Sugar Loaves, Djouce, and the Three Rock and Shankill mountains, and the beautiful country in the foreground. It is a rectory and curacy, in the diocese of Dublin; the rectory forms part of the corps of the deanery of Christ-Church, and the curacy part of the union of Monkstown: the tithes amount to £291. 18., two-thirds of which are payable to the dean, and the remainder to the curate. In the R. C. divisions it is chiefly in the union or district of Kingstown, and has a chapel at Cabinteely. At Clonkeen is a school aided by subscription, in which about 70 children are educated, and about 40 are taught in a private school at Cabinteely. According to Ledwich, the church of Tully was founded by the Ostmen and dedicated to their favourite saint, Olave; its ruins, situated on an eminence, still form a picturesque object, and its circular arches bear evidence of its remote antiquity. Near the church are the remains of some ancient crosses with traces of rudely sculptured figures. The cromlech at Glen Druid consists of a large table stone, 14 feet long and 12 broad, supported by six upright stones: the former is supposed to weigh about 25 tons. At Murphystown are the remains of an ancient castle.

TULLY, or COGHLANSTOWN, a parish, partly in the barony of KILCULLEN, but chiefly in that of EAST OPHALY, county of KILDARE, and province of LEINSTER, 1 1/2 mile (S.) from Kildare, on the road to Castle-Dermot; containing 1065 inhabitants. It comprises about 1600 statute acres, as rated for the county cess, and nearly 4800 acres of bog, adjoining the Curragh of Kildare. A fair is held on Dec. 21st, and there is a grist-mill within the limits of the parish. Tully House is the residence of Wm. Dunne, Esq. A commandery of Knights Hospitallers existed here from an early period, and was richly endowed; several chapters of the order were held here, and it continued to flourish until the Reformation. It is now held with the bishoprick of Kildare, as part of the corps thereof: the possessions consist of upwards of 20 townships or places yielding tithes to the bishop, in some cases the whole, and in others two-thirds: the tithes amount to £323. 17. 3. Under the provisions of the Church Temporalities act the proceeds of this parish will, on the next avoidance of the bishop-rick, become vested in the Ecclesiastical Commissioners. In the R. C. divisions it forms part of the union or district of Kildare and Rathangan. Some remains of the ancient religious house and its chapel still exist. General Sarsfield, who served under Jas. II., lived in this parish. On taking down the house, several spoons and curious bottles were found.

TULLYALLEN, or TULLOUGHALLEN, a parish, chiefly in the barony of FERRARD, county of LOUTH, but partly in that of UPPER SLANE, county of MEATH, and in the province of LEINSTER, 2 1/2 miles (N. W.) from Drogheda, on the road to Ardee: the village contains 181 inhabitants; the population of the remainder of the parish is returned with Mellifont. The parish is situated on the river Boyne, by which it is bounded on the south and separated from the county of Drogheda; it comprises about 11,000 statute acres, of which, according to the Ordnance survey, 7344 are in the county of Louth, including a detached portion of 953 acres called Newtown-Stalaba, and 84 in the tideway of the Boyne. The land is wholly under tillage, the soil fertile, and the system of agriculture improved. The scenery on the banks of the Boyne is pleasingly varied. On a rock rising abruptly from the river, about two miles from Drogheda, is a stately obelisk of stone, commemorating the battle of the Boyne by inscriptions on the faces of the pedestal: it was erected by subscription in the reign of Geo. II., and the first stone was laid by Lionel, Duke of Dorset, Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland, in 1736. The principal seats are Townley Hall, the residence of B. Balfour, Esq., a handsome mansion of hewn stone, situated in a highly improved demesne of 500 acres, and containing a choice collection of paintings; Beaulieu, the earliest seat of the Plunkett family, who have been in possession of it at least since the period of the English invasion; Newtown, of F. Donagh, Esq.; and Green Hills, of St. George Smith, Esq. The village contains about 40 houses; the weaving of coarse linen is carried on for the Drogheda market, and a constabulary police force is stationed there. The living is a perpetual curacy, in the diocese of Armagh, comprising the parishes of Mellifont and Tullyallen, and in the patronage of the Marquess of Drogheda, in whom the rectory is impropriate: the stipend of the curate is £92. 6. 1 3/4., of which £36. 18. 5 1/2. is paid by the impropriator, and £55. 7. 8 1/4. by the Ecclesiastical Commissioners from Primate Boulter's augmentation fund. The glebe-house, towards which the late Board of First Fruits contributed a gift of £450 and a loan of £50, was built in 1816; the glebe comprises 10 acres, valued at £8. 6. 8. per annum. The church, towards the erection of which the same Board contributed a gift of £800, in 1817, is a neat edifice and has been recently repaired at an expense of £217, granted by the Ecclesiastical Commissioners. In the R. C. divisions the parish is the head of a union or district, comprising also the parish of Mellifont; there are two chapels, one in the village, and one at Newtown-Drogheda. About 300 children are taught in four public schools, of which one at Townley Hall is maintained by Mr. Balfour and another by the Misses Balfour. Near the obelisk is a picturesque valley called King William's Glen, in which that monarch encamped his forces, previously to his crossing the river and obtaining the victory of the Boyne.

TULLYBRACKY, a parish, partly in the barony of COSHMA, but chiefly in that of SMALL COUNTY, county of LIMERICK, and province of MUNSTER, l 3/4 miles (N. E.) from Bruff, on the road to Limerick; containing 1774 inhabitants. The parish comprises 3148a. 2r. 15p. statute measure, as applotted under the tithe act. The land is considered to be of the most fertile character; it is based on a substratum of limestone. About one-fifth of it is in tillage, producing very heavy crops of every kind of grain; the remainder is meadow or enclosed in demesnes: near the boundary is a small but very valuable bog. The most remarkable of the seats is Rockbarton, the elegant mansion of Lord Guillamore, situated in a demesne of great extent, beauty and variety of scenery: the others are Cahir, the elegant residence of Lieut. Col. O'Grady; Ballynauty, of Mrs. Creed; and the glebe, of the Rev. John Fitzgerald, the grounds of which are laid out with much taste and densely planted. The living is a rectory, in the diocese of Limerick, forming the corps of the prebend of the same name, and in the patronage of the Bishop: the tithes amount to £280. 10. 6. per ann. The glebe-house was erected in 1813 by a gift of £250 and a loan of £550 from the late Board of First Fruits. There are two glebes; one of 61 1/2 acres, on which the house is built; the other of 11 1/2 acres near the old church; making together 73 acres of land of the highest natural and acquired fertility. The church, erected in 1819 on a new site about 1/4 of a mile from the former building, and about midway between Rockbarton and the glebe-house, is an elegant edifice in the later English style, with a lofty square tower crowned with pierced battlements and pinnacles: it cost £2500, of which £1200 was contributed in two grants from the late Board of First Fruits, and the remaining £1300 was a donation from Lord Guillamore. In the R. C. divisions the parish forms part of the union or district of Bruff. The male and female parochial schools are wholly supported by Lord Guillamore and the rector; and there is a private school in which 58 boys and 22 girls are educated. A few portions of the old church are still in existence, and round Rockbarton are numerous vestiges of antiquity, but the most remarkable ruins are those in the demesne of Cahir Guillamore, which indicate the former existence of an ancient city of great extent: the sites of streets, gates and fortifications are still to be traced, extending in some places into the adjoining parishes, and connected with the ancient forts on several of the surrounding hills.

TULLYCORBET, a parish, partly in the barony of CREMORNE, but chiefly in that of MONAGHAN, county of MONAGHAN, and province of ULSTER, 3 miles (N. by E.) from Ballibay, on the road to Monaghan; containing 4833 inhabitants. It comprises 7913 1/2 statute acres, according to the Ordnance survey, of land of good quality, which is generally well cultivated: there are several lakes within its limits, the two largest of which, Cordoo and Corfin, are near one another: there is a considerable extent of bog. Besides the usual crops of wheat, oats, barley and potatoes, rye and flax are grown; and a considerable quantity of linen is manufactured in the houses of the farmers. The mail coach road from Dublin to Derry skirts the parish on the east. The living is a rectory and vicarage, in the diocese of Clogher, forming the corps of the prebend of Tullycorbet in the cathedral of Clogher, and in the patronage of the Bishop: the tithes amount to £400. The glebe-house, which is in a dilapidated state, was built in 1773 by the then incumbent, at an expense of £634. 10.: the glebe, comprising 42 acres, is valued at £63 per annum. The church is a small and plain but neat edifice, situated on an eminence and erected at an expense of £850, by a loan from the late Board of First Fruits in 1831. In the R. C. divisions the parish is the head of a union or district, comprising also that of Ballibay; in each parish there is a chapel. There are three places of worship for Presbyterians; two situated respectively at Bradox and Cahans, belonging to the Seceding Synod, the latter being of the first class; and one for Covenanters, connected with that in the parish of Muckno. The parochial school is aided by the incumbent; there is a school at Creagh; in both these there are about 170 boys and 150 girls. There are also five private schools, in which are about 250 boys and 90 girls.

TULLYHANOGUE, or TULLAGHANOGUE, a parish, in the barony of UPPER NAVAN, county of MEATH, and province of LEINSTER, 2 miles (N. W.) from Trim, on the road to Athboy; containing 112 inhabitants. It is the property of Lords Darnley and Sherborne, and comprises 1133 3/4 statute acres, nearly the whole of which, except what is in demesne, is arable and in a good state of cultivation. The land is of good quality, and the system of agriculture has been greatly improved under the auspices of those noblemen, who have recently erected some very superior farm-houses on their estates. Clifton Lodge, the seat of the Earl of Darnley, is a handsome mansion finely situated in an ample demesne, which was greatly improved by the late Lord. It is a perpetual curacy, in the diocese of Meath, forming part of the union of Trim; the rectory is impropriate in J. O'Reilly, Esq. The tithes amount to £54. 9. 9., of which £29. 11. 3 1/2. is payable to the impropriator, and £24. 18. 5 1/2. to the perpetual curate. In the R. C. divisions it is part of the union or district of Moymet.

TULLYLISH, a parish, in the barony of LOWER IVEAGH, county of DOWN, and province of ULSTER; containing, with the post-town of Gilford (which is

separately described,) 10,501 inhabitants. The parish formerly was part of the property of the powerful family of Maginnis, Lords of Iveagh; it was forfeited in consequence of the part taken by the head of the family in 1641. At the commencement of the war which broke out in that year, a body of Protestant women who were sent by Sir Phelim O'Nial from Armagh to Claneboy, were forced to cross Lough Kernan, in this parish, during a severe frost, when the ice having given way when they were in the middle of it, the whole party perished. In 1685 the townland of Moyallen was granted to a colony of the Society of Friends in England, whose descendants still maintain the settlement and have contributed greatly to the prosperity of the surrounding district. In 1772, a band of the insurgent peasantry, who styled themselves "Hearts of Oak," attacked Gilford castle, the seat of Sir R. Johnstone, Bart., who with his family and friends defended the place so gallantly as to repulse the assailants; but the Rev. S. Morell, Presbyterian minister of the parish, who had joined in the defence, was killed during the engagement. The parish, which comprises 11,707 statute acres, according to the Ordnance survey, of which 6920 are applotted under the tithe act, is situated in the west of the county, on the border of Armagh, from which county it is separated by the Newry canal; it is intersected by the roads from Loughbrickland to Lurgan, from Banbridge to Portadown, and from Gilford to Dromore. The river Bann passes through it in a winding course of five miles from east to west, passing by the town of Gilford, which is nearly in the centre of the parish: the only sheet of standing water is Lough Kernan, near Banford, which covers about 43 1/4 acres. The soil is fertile, in a highly improved state, and cultivated according to the best systems; there is no waste land and the bogs have been mostly reclaimed. There are some good quarries of building stone: numerous indications of coal have led to several unsuccessful attempts to discover a productive vein: ironstone is found in quantities near Gilford: the scenery is highly picturesque, the whole of the surface being studded with numerous and well-planted seats and with many bleachgreens. The district of Moyallen is one of the richest and most beautiful in the county; its numerous elegant houses, lawns, plantations and greens, with the fine river Bann winding tranquilly among them, indicate a high degree of comfort and prosperity, owing chiefly to the linen manufacture, which was introduced into the parish in 1725, and has since continued to be the main source of its wealth. The bleaching of the cloth is the process peculiarly attended to: in the numerous bleach-greens which border the Bann in its progress through the parish upwards of 138,000 pieces of linen were finished for the market in 1834. A thread-manufactory, carried on at Miltown on an extensive scale, gives employment to 170 persons, a mill at Coose for spinning fine linen yarn employs 200: each is worked by a combination of steam and water power: another for linen yarn is now being erected at Gilford on an extensive scale. Large works for manufacturing the chymical ingredients required in the various processes of the fabrication of linen-cloth have been established at Moyallen and at Coose. At Banford there is a very large flour-mill. The vicinity of the canal, which skirts the parish on the west, and on which there is a wharf and stores about a mile from Gilford, contributes to the increase of this prosperity, by affording a vent for the manufactured articles throughout, a large extent of inland country both to the north and south, and to the two great shipping ports of Belfast and Newry. The parish is in the manor of Gilford and was subject to the jurisdiction of the court held there with the exception of two townlands which belong to the Bishop of Dromore's manor of Bailonagalga; but it is now united to that of Rathfriland, and is within the jurisdiction of the court there. Petty sessions are held in Gilford and two fairs annually. The seats are very numerous; among them are Gilford castle, the residence of Sir W. Johnstone, Bart.; Tullylish-House, of H. Hamilton, Esq.; Milltown, of John Smyth, Esq.; Banville, of Jas. Foote, Esq.; Hazelbank, of S. Law, Esq.; Springvale, of Thomas Upritchard, Esq.; Lawrencetown, of -- Bowen,Esq.; Banford, of B. Haughton, Esq.; Mount Pleasant, of I. Stoney, Esq.; Tullylish House, of Mrs. Hamilton; the glebe, of the Rev. W. H. Wynne; Fanny-mount, of the Rev. John Johnstone; Stramore House, of R. J. Nicholson, Esq.; Stramore, of J. Christy, Esq.; Moyallon, of T. C. Wakefield, Esq.; Gilford Villa, of W. McCreight, Esq.; Mill Park, now unoccupied; Banvale, of J. Upritchard, Esq.; and Lennaderg, of the Rev. H. H. Madden, where also is a house built in 1645 for the accommodation of the officers of the royal army, who were stationed on the Bann water during the war of 1641; it is still a handsome cottage and the residence of Thos. Weir, Esq., by whose ancestor it was erected.

The living is a rectory and vicarage, in the diocese of Dromore; the rectory partly forms a portion of the union of Aghaderg and the corps of the deanery of Dromore, the rectorial tithes of 15 townlands being payable to the dean; and is partly united with the vicarage, and in the patronage of the Bishop; the incumbent receiving the rectorial tithes of the four remaining townlands. The tithes amount to £496. 2. 10., of which £269. 11. 8. is payable to the dean and the remainder to the vicar. The glebe-house is situated about a mile from the church, on a glebe of 40 acres, valued at £60 per ann.: it was erected in 17S9 by aid of a gift of £100 from the late Board of First Fruits; offices were added in 1803, at an expense of £120 British, and in 1808 £424 was further expended in additions. The church, which is situated at Banford, on the southern bank of the river, over which is an excellent stone bridge, was built in 1698, upon one of the outer defences of an ancient fort or field-work, raised to defend the pass of the river, on the site of the former edifice, which had been destroyed in 1641: a large circular aisle was added to it on the north side, in 1827, by aid of a loan of £800 from the late Board of First Fruits, and at the same time a square pinnacled tower: the church is now about to be again enlarged, to enable it to afford sufficient accommodations for the still increasing numbers of the congregation. In the R. C. divisions the parish is the head of a union or district, comprising this parish and those of Seapatrick (which includes the town of Banbridge), Magherally, and Donaghcloney, in which are two chapels, both of large dimensions; one near the bridge at Coose was greatly enlarged and improved in 1834; the other is on the townland of Clare. Near the villlage of Hall's Mills is a place of worship for Presbyterians in connection with the Synod of Ulster, of the first class: in it is a handsome monument to the memory of the Rev. Samuel Morell, who was buried here. At Moyallen is a meeting-house of the Society of Friends: there are also places of worship for Seceders and Methodists. A male and female parochial school at Knocknagan is supported by subscriptions; there are also male and female schools at Clare and at Park, a female school at Gilford, and schools at Bleary, Mullabrack, Moyallen, Coose, and Gilford, all in connection with different societies and the last three with the National Board of Education: in all these there are about 260 boys and 130 girls. There are also 12 private schools, in which are about 270 boys and 330 girls. The remains of several ancient forts are still to be traced: the largest is that at Banford, on which the church is built, of which, though a road now passes through it, and the ramparts are nearly levelled, the general outline can still be distinctly traced. At Tullyhoa are extensive ruins, supposed by some to be those of an abbey.

TULLYNAKILL, a parish, in the barony of CASTLEREAGH, county of DOWN, and province of ULSTER, 3 miles (S. S. E.) from Comber, on the western shore of Strangford Lough, and on the road from Downpatrick to Belfast; containing, with the village of Ardmillan, 1386 inhabitants. It comprises, according to the Ordnance survey, 2923 1/4 statute acres, including several islands in the lake. The whole of the land is arable and of excellent quality, and it is under a highly improved system of cultivation, producing fine crops of grain, potatoes and turnips. Some large limestone quarries, in which fossil remains abound, are extensively worked: the stone, which resembles porphyry, is conveyed both by land and water to all parts of the surrounding country. A manorial court with extensive jurisdiction and peculiar privileges was formerly held here, but it has fallen into disuse for many years. The living is a vicarage, in the diocese of Down, and in the patronage of the Bishop, to whom the rectorial tithes of the whole of the parish, which is bishop's land, are payable, and have merged in the rental; the vicarial tithes amount to £110. 10. 1. The church, erected in 1825, at an expense of £830, a gift from the late Board of First Fruits, is a very neat edifice in the early English style. The ruins of the old church, built, or according to some accounts, rebuilt in 1636, are still visible. A private school affords instruction to 37 boys and 35 girls.

TULLYRATH.--See TALLERATH.

TULLYRUSK, a parish, in the barony of UPPER MASSAREENE, county of ANTRIM, and province of ULSTER, 3 miles (E.) from Glenavy, on the road from Lisburn to Antrim; containing 2360 inhabitants. It comprises, according to the Ordnance survey, 4779 1/2 statute acres, chiefly under pasture; the land in the lower part is tolerably good, but in the southern part there is much unimproved and barren mountain: there are about 100 acres of bog at the Brown moss. The climate, from the position of the parish between Lough Neagh and Belfast Lough, is moist and chilly. The rivers Crumlin and Glenavy bound it to the east and west. The weaving of linens and cottons for the Belfast market is carried on to some extent in the farm-houses. Knockairn is the residence of Fortescue Gregg, Esq. It is a vicarage, in the diocese of Connor, forming part of the union of Glenavy; the rectory is impropriate in the Marquess of Hertford. The tithes amount to £71. 1. 11., of which £15. 15. is payable to the impropriator, and £55. 6. 11. to the vicar. In the registry of Connor this parish is called a grange, and in the terrier and regal visitation book a chapelry; having been, probably, either a Bishop's mensal or a dependency on one of the great monasteries. The church of Tullyrusk stood in the townland of that name, near the verge of the parish; from the portions of its foundations still remaining, its dimensions appear to have been 62 feet by 17. Adjoining it is a large and well-enclosed cemetery, in which the Protestant dissenters and Roman Catholics chiefly bury. There are four private schools, in which about 140 children are educated; and two Sunday schools. Several raths and tumuli occur in various parts. The crystals commonly called Lough Neagh pebbles are found in great quantities on turning up the land by the plough, although the lake whence they take their name is three miles distant, and the elevation of the land where they are found is many hundred feet above the level of its surface.

TULSK, a post-town (formerly an incorporated market-town and parliamentary borongh), in the parish of OGULLA, barony and county of ROSCOMMON, province of CONNAUGHT, 8 miles (N.) from Roscommon, and 79 3/4 (W. N. W.) from Dublin: the population is returned with the parish. O'Conor Roe erected a castle here in 1406, and during the same century a Dominican monastery was founded either by MacDuil or O'Dowell, or by Phelim, son of Phelim Cleary O'Conor, who was interred here in 1448. The castle was for a long time one of the strongest in the province, and was garrisoned by the Earl of Kildare when he led his forces into this province in 1499. The monastery continued to flourish till the reign of Elizabeth, but for some time prior to the dissolution its possessions were usurped by the Corporation of Galway. A Dominican abbey was also founded at Toemonia, near the town, by O'Conor Roe which in the reign of Elizabeth was found to be in the occupation of Franciscans of the third order, on whose suppression it was granted by the Queen to Richard Kyndelinshe. The inhabitants were incorporated by Chas. II., in the fourteenth year of his reign, by the designation of the "Portreeve, Free Burgesses, and Commonalty of the Borough of Tulsk:" the charter also conferred the elective franchise, with power to hold a court of record and a weekly market. Under this charter the corporation consisted of a portreeve, 15 free burgesses, and an indefinite number of freemen, assisted by two serjeants-at-mace and other officers appointed in the usual manner. The portreeve and free burgesses continued to return two members to the Irish parliament till the Union, when the borough was disfranchised. The court of record, which had jurisdiction- to the amount of £5, has been long discontinued, and the corporation has become extinct. The town has dwindled into an insignificant village, consisting only of a few straggling cottages and one shop. Fairs are held on Easter-Monday and the first Monday in November (O. S.); a constabulary police force is stationed in the village, and petty sessions are held weekly. There are some remains of the ancient abbey, situated in a large cemetery which is still used as a burial-place; and also of the conventual buildings; but the chief feature is a double-arched doorway, divided in the centre by a round pillar, which is of elegant design and in good preservation. The surrounding district is extremely rich and affords luxuriant pasturage.

TUMNA, or TOEMONIA, a parish, in the barony of BOYLE, county of ROSCOMMON, and province of CONNAUGHT, l 1/2 mile (W.) from Carrick-on-Shannon, on the road to Boyle and on the river Shannon; containing 4453 inhabitants. This parish comprises 4473 3/4 statute acres, mostly good land, though there is much bog: agriculture is in a backward state: limestone and freestone abound. There is a canal from Lough Allen to Carrick, to avoid the shoals. A large portion of the parish is occupied by the Coote Hall estate, the improved property of Hugh Barton, Esq., presenting a great contrast to the surrounding lands. Some of the tenantry are engaged in the woollen and cotton manufactures, such as coarse flannels, and striped woollen and cotton stuffs used for under garments. The Shannon bounds the parish on the east, on the shore of which is the small rising village of Battlebridge, at the end of a bridge on the road from the village and county of Leitrim: this bridge is of 6 arches, 150 feet in length and 13 in width. On the south side of the parish are the upper and lower Oakford loughs, through which the Boyle water descends into the Shannon. Near the banks of the Boyle water stands Old Coote Hall (with a wretched dependent village), formerly a place of strength, of which a northern round tower with a conical roof forms an appendage to the farm-house into which the buildings have been converted: the surrounding curtain walls include ruins of various other old buildings. The gentlemen's seats are Hughestovvn, the residence of C. Molloy, Esq., standing immediately on a large lake formed by the Boyle water; Wood-brook, of J. Kirkwood, Esq.; Lakeview, of T. Kirkwood, Esq.; and Springfield, of C. W. Peyton, Esq. It is a vicarage, in the diocese of Elphin, forming part of the union of Ardclare; the rectory is impropriate in Viscount Lorton. The tithes amount to £140, half of which is payable to the impropriator, and half to the vicar. In the R. C. divisions the parish is partly in the union or district of Killuken, also called Croghan and Ballinameen, and partly in that of Ardcarne or Crossna, and contains a chapel: a school is maintained by the parish priest. Remains of an ancient church exist, with a cemetery attached. Seven golden balls were dug up near the old church of the size of an egg, supposed to have belonged to the church.

TUMORE, a parish, in the barony of CORRAN, county of SLIGO, and province of CONNAUGHT, 5 miles (N. W.) from Boyle, on the road to Ballymote; containing 3395 inhabitants. It comprises 8496 statute acres, as applotted under the tithe act. The portion of the land which is under cultivation, both in tillage and pasture, is of superior quality and makes a good return, but there is a good deal of mountain and bog: limestone is abundant for all purposes. Battlefield is the residence of James Knott, Esq.; and Mount Dodwell, of C. Thompson, Esq. It is a vicarage, in the diocese of Achonry, forming part of the union of Emlyfadd; the rectory is impropriate in Sir H. C. Montgomery, Bart. The tithes amount to £294. 5., of which £124. 5. is payable to the impropriator, and £170 to the vicar.

In the R. C. divisions it is the head of a union or district, called Keash, which comprises this parish and that of Drumratt: the chapel at Keash, in Tumore parish, is a large building in good repair. There is a place of worship belonging to a Presbyterian congregation at Granamore; where also there is a school, and there is a national school at Templevaney: about 140 boys and 70 girls are educated in these schools. The remains of an old church with a burial-ground are at Tumore, and another ruin and enclosure of similar character is at Templevaney. The lofty hill of Keash contains several remarkable caves, some of which extend to a considerable length: the entrance to the largest is 30 feet high.

TUOGH.--See TOUGH.

TUOSIST, or KILMACALOGUE, a parish, in the barony of GLANEROUGH, county of KERRY, and province of MUNSTER, 12 miles (S. W.) from Kenmare, on the bay of that name; containing 6376 inhabitants. This parish is considered to be one of the wildest and most irreclaimable districts in the county: it is separated on the south-east from the county of Cork by a range of lofty and almost impassable mountains, and extends for about nine miles along the southern shore of the great estuary, or bay of Kenmare, an inlet of which, called Ardgroom Harbour, forms its boundary on the south-west. The ancient castle of Ardea, now in ruins, occupies a bold and romantic situation on a lofty cliff overlooking the bay; it was once the seat of the O'Sullivans, some of whose descendants still exist in this district. In 1602 a Spanish ship landed supplies of money and ammunition at this castle, which encouraged some of the native Irish to assemble in the mountains, but they were soon dispersed by Lord Barry, Sir G. Thornton, and Sir C. Wilmot. According to ancient computation the parish, which is entirely the property of the Marquess of Lansdowne, comprises 97 1/2 gneeves, or upwards of 40,000 statute acres, consisting chiefly of rocky mountain and bog; in the hollows among the mountains are several lakes, some of which are extremely picturesque, and near the bay is one of considerable size called Lough Cloney. The principal residence is Deireen, that of Peter McSweeny, Esq. There is a considerable domestic manufacture of coarse flannel, which is chiefly sold in the town of Kenmare; and several of the inhabitants are occasionally employed in the fishery of the bay: at Ardea is a good salmon fishery. The small bay or harbour of Kilmacalogue affords shelter for vessels of considerable size. Off the coast is a small island called Dinis, the property of H. A. Herbert, Esq., of Muckross, on which is a cottage with a neat plantation, and immediately adjoining is a fine oyster bed. On this island are vestiges of a small chapel, supposed to have formerly belonged to the abbey of Muckross; and it is traditionally stated that an establishment existed here for supplying the monks with oysters, the shells of which had accumulated to such an extent, as to have been lately used as manure: a considerable quantity of sea-weed is collected on its shores, and used for the same purpose. The parish is in the diocese of Ardfert and Aghadoe, and is a rectory, forming part of the union of Kenmare: the tithes amount to £226. 13. 7 3/4. British, exclusive of £15. 6. 11 1/2. late currency, payable to the Archdeacon of Aghadoe. There is a glebe of four acres; and another of the same extent belonging to the archdeacon. In the R. C. divisions it forms the head of a union or district, called Lochurt, or Carks, comprising also that part of the parish of Kenmare lying on the south side of the river, and containing the chapels of Daurus and Deireen. At Ardea is a house for the priest, built by the Marquess of Lansdowne, who has also, in conjunction with the National Board, lately erected school-houses at Carks and Cloney, previously to which about 120 children were educated in three private schools. The ruins of the old church still exist in the burial-ground near the harbour of Kilmacalogue; and at Lochurt are the remains of a druidical circle. In the vicinity of Ardea is the small Lough Quinlan, in which are some remarkable little floating islands.

TURLOUGH, a parish, in the barony of CARRA, county of MAYO, and province of CONNAUGHT, 3 miles (N. E.) from Castlebar, on the road to Swinford; containing 6949 inhabitants. This parish, which is situated on a small river connecting Lough Lanach with Lough Cullen, comprises 22,405 statute acres; a large tract is mountain and bog, and of the remainder the greater portion is under tillage. The land is generally of good quality, and the system of agriculture is improving. Limestone abounds, and is extensively quarried for agricultural purposes, and for building; and there is also a quarry of very fine black marble. About halfway between Castlebar and Ballina is a wild romantic district, in which Lough Conn and Lough Cullen unite by a narrow sound, over which is a stone bridge of one arch. Within this district, which is called the Pontoon, the river Deel and several smaller streams flow into Lough Conn, which discharges its superfluous waters into Lough Cullen, into which also flow several large streams, of which the chief is the river Moy. When these tributary streams are swollen by mountain torrents, the Moy, which is the only outlet, is insufficient to carry off the redundant waters, which are forced back into Lough Conn. The road here winding round the lake presents a succession of highly picturesque and romantic scenery. On a rock overhanging the lake is a rocking-stone nicely poised, and at the bridge leading from this parish to that of Kilbelfad Lord Bingham has erected a very commodious inn. Here is also a police barrack, in which is stationed a constabulary police force. The principal seats are Turlough Park, the residence of Col. Fitzgerald, finely situated in an improved demesne; Turlough Cottage, of Mrs. Semple; and Ballyvilla, of R. Kearney, Esq. A bleach-green, in which ten men are constantly employed, is conducted by Mr. W. Malley; and fairs are held on May 9th, June 13th, Aug. 24th, and Dec. 8th.

The living is a rectory, vicarage, and perpetual curacy, in the diocese of Tuam; the rectory and vicarage form part of the union of Castlebar; the perpetual curacy comprises this parish and that of Kildecamogue, and is in the patronage of the incumbent of Castlebar; the tithes amount to £207. 13. 10 1/4., and the stipend of the curate is £100, of which £75 is paid by the incumbent, and £25 by the Ecclesiastical Commissioners from Primate Boulter's Augmentation Fund. The church is a neat edifice in the later English style, and in good repair. In the R. C. divisions the parish is the head of a union or district, comprising also the parish of Kildecamogue, and containing three chapels, two of which are in this parish, situated respectively at Park and Crumlin. There are places of worship for Presbyterians, in connection with the Synod of Ulster, of the third class, and Wesleyan Methodists. There are eight public schools, of which the national school is aided by the Rev. Mr. Hamilton; a school at Meaghanny is supported by the Rev. Mr. Allen, and one by the Rev. Mr. Grale. Some remains exist of an old church, near which is one of the ancient round towers, in an excellent state of preservation.

TUSCAR.--See KILRANE.

TWO-MILE-BURRIS.--See BURRIS-O'-LEAGH.

TYBROUGHNY.--See TIPPERAGHNY.

TYDAVNET, a parish, in the barony and county of MONAGHAN, and province of ULSTER, 3 1/2 miles (N. N. W). from Monaghan, on the road by Brookborough to Enniskillen; containing 11,352 inhabitants. This parish, which is intersected by a rapid stream descending from the Slievebaugh mountains, comprises, according to the Ordnance survey, 26,502 statute acres, of which 163 are water, and 20,253 are applotted under the tithe act and valued at £14,400 per annum. There is an extensive tract of mountain and bog, the former of which, though rough, is capable of being reclaimed; and there are nineteen lakes within the parish, of which only one near Mount Louise and one near Slack's Grove are considerable. The Slievebaugh mountains entirely enclose the parish on the north and west; on the former side is their highest point called Cairnmore, commanding a most extensive and interesting prospect. Immediately around this point is the only part of these mountains susceptible of improvement or embellishment, and here a picturesque glen opens towards the low country. On the north-east border of the parish is a very large tract of bog; and there are numerous smaller bogs, supplying an abundance of fuel. The lands under cultivation vary very much in quality; the principal crops are wheat, oats, barley and flax, of the last of which much is grown, and there is at Lemacallagh a mill for scutching it, which is of great benefit to the neighbourhood: there is but a small proportion of grass land, except what is in demesne, though portions of the mountains afford rough pasture. Near Cairnmore is a limestone quarry, and on the summit of the mountain is an extensive quarry for millstones; the stone on the northern side is a soft whitish freestone, and on the southern, a hard reddish grit interspersed with flint. At Scotstown is a depot for these stones, which, after being worked to their proper form in the quarry, are suffered to roll down the mountain; on the north side, just below the rock, is a large, deep, and stormy lake. On the townland of Knockotally good freestone for building is quarried for the supply of the neighbourhood; and the hills also abound with potters' clay. The principal seats are Tullaghan, the property of the Rev. Sir Thos. Forster, Bart., whose family formerly resided here; Gold, of J. Woodright, Esq.; Poplar Vale, of Major E. Richardson; Raconnel, of Col. R. Lucas; Mount Louise, of R. Evatt, Esq.; Clenamully, of E. Fiddes, Esq.; Slack's Grove, of R. Jackson, Esq.; Newgrove, of M. Hawkshaw, Esq.; Mullaghmore, of J. Rose, Esq., greatly improved and extensively planted by the proprietor; and Carrachor, of J. Wright Esq. Fairs are held at Scotstown on the 17th of every month, and also in the village of Tydavnet on Jan. 19th, March 2nd and 31st, June 24th and Sept. 28th, and there is a constabulary police force at each of those places.

The living is a rectory and vicarage, in the diocese of Clogher, and in the patronage of the Bishop; the tithes amount to £664. 12. 3 3/4. The glebe-house was built in 1824, at an expense of £1581 British, of which £900 was a loan from the late Board of First Fruits, and the remainder was defrayed by the then incumbent; the glebe comprises 40 acres, valued at £80 per annum. The church is a neat modern edifice, situated in the village of Ballinode; it was enlarged in 1830, at an expense of £471, defrayed by the parish, and the Ecclesiastical Commissioners have lately granted £116 for its further improvement. The R. C. parish is coextensive with that of the Established Church; there are two chapels, one of which is near Scotstown. On the eastern verge of the parish is a place of worship for Presbyterians in connection with the Seceding Synod, of the first class, to which a school is attached, and there is another for Wesleyan Methodists. About 1100 children are taught in ten public schools, of which four are partly supported by the rector, and one on his own estate by Capt. Woodright; and there are four private schools, in which are about 250 children, and a dispensary. A portion of this parish is about to be attached to a perpetual curacy in the parish of Aghalurcher, where a church is now being built from a grant by the late Board of First Fruits, and which will be formed into a district parish.

TYFERNAN, or TYFARNAM, a parish, in the barony of CORKAREE, county of WESTMEATH, and province of LEINSTER, 5 1/4 miles (N.) from Mullingar, on the road from Multifarnham to Castlepollard; containing 310 inhabitants. This parish is situated between Loughs Dereveragh and Owhel, and contains 1844 3/4 statute acres of arable and pasture land. It is an impropriate cure, in the diocese of Meath, forming part of the union of the perpetual cure of Leney; the rectory is impropriate in Sir John B. Piers, Bart. The tithes amount to £35, payable to the impropriator. The church has long been in ruins. The Ecclesiastical Commissioners have recommended that this small parish should be annexed to the adjoining parish of Portshangan. In the R. C. divisions it is part of the union or district of Rathconnell, or Turin. There are two private schools, in which 70 children are taught.

TYHALLON, or TEHOLLAND, a parish, partly in the barony of CREMORNE, but chiefly in that of MONAGHAN, county of MONAGHAN, and province of ULSTER, 2 miles (E. N. E.) from Monaghan, on the turnpike road to Armagh and on a branch of the river Black-water; containing 4846 inhabitants. It comprises, according to the Ordnance survey, 5949 1/2 statute acres of excellent land, (823 1/4 being within the barony of Cremorne, and 5126 1/4 within that of Monaghan,) which is nearly all under tillage, there being very little waste land, but to the east there is a tract of bog. The line of the Ulster canal passes through the parish from east to west. There are some limestone quarries, which are used for building and other purposes. The linen manufacture is carried on in private dwellings. Here is a constabulary police station. The gentlemen's seats are Bessmount Park, the residence of A. Nixon Montgomery, Esq.; Dromore, of C. Hawshaw, Esq.; Liscarney, of Major Ross; Coolmain, of J. Goudy, Esq.; and Sallymount, of T. Robinson, Esq. The living is a rectory and vicarage, in the diocese of Clogher, being the corps of the prebend thereof in the cathedral of Clogher, and in the patronage of the Bishop; the tithes amount to £350. The glebe comprises 40 acres, valued at £80 per ann.: the glebe-house, which is near the church, was improved by the incumbent, in 1820, at an expense of £370. The church is a plain modern structure, built in 1788 at an expense of £277, defrayed by parochial assessment. The R. C. parish is co-extensive with that of the Established Church; the chapel is a spacious edifice, built in 1827 at an expence of £1000. The parish school is aided by the incumbent and a legacy of £500 by the late Dr. Maxwell, of Falkland, £150 of which was to build a school-house and the interest of the remainder for the master, &c.: there are three other schools; in all which about 340 children are taught. There is also a private school, in which are about 20 children. The late -- Richardson, Esq., bequeathed £100, the interest of which continues to be divided among the poor.

TYMOLE, a parish, in the barony of SKREEN, county of MEATH, and province of LEINSTER, 6 miles (S. by E.) from Slane, on the road from Skreen to Duleek and on the Nanny-Water; containing 74 inhabitants, and comprising 793 1/2 statute acres. It is a vicarage, in the diocese of Meath, forming part of the union of Duleek; the rectory is impropriate in G. A. Hamilton, of Balbriggan, Esq. The tithes amount to £77, of which £32 is payable to the impropriator and the remainder to the incumbent. The glebe comprises 6 acres, valued at £20. 5. In the R. C. divisions it is part of the union or district of Blacklion.

TYNAGH, a parish, partly in the barony of LONGFORD, but chiefly in that of LEITRIM, county of GALWAY, and province of CONNAUGHT, 7 miles (N. W.) from Portumna, on the road to Loughrea; containing 5670 inhabitants. It comprises 9249 1/4 statute acres: the land is generally of very good quality and in a state of profitable cultivation; the system of agriculture is much improved, and there is no waste land. A lead mine was formerly worked within a mile of this place; a great deal of lead ore is still found in the neighbourhood. The principal seats are Pallas, the residence of the Hon. Anthony Nugent; Killeen, of E. Kelly, Esq.; Flower Hill, of Lord Riverstown; Spring Garden, of P. Perse, Esq.; Derrywilliam, of H. Killikelly, Esq.; and Lisduff, of -- Lyons, Esq. On the river Ballyshinee are some mills, the property of Mr. Kelly, capable of producing more than 30,000 barrels of flour annually. The living is a rectory and vicarage, in the diocese of Clonfert; the rectory is partly appropriate to the see, partly to the prebendary of Kilmeen in the cathedral of Tuam, partly to the vicars choral of Christ-Church, Dublin, and partly annexed to the vicarage, which was episcopally united, in 1735, to the rectory and vicarage of Doneira, and is in the patronage of the Marquess of Clanrickarde. The tithes amount to £247. 13. 10 1/4., of which £33. 5. 10 1/4. is payable to the Ecclesiastical Commissioners (as part of the temporalities of the see), £13. 16. 11. to the prebendary, £1. 16. 11. to the vicars choral, and £198. 14. 2. to the vicar. The glebe-house, situated in the parish of Doneira, is a neat building, towards the erection of which the late Board of First Fruits contributed a gift of £300 and a loan of £500, in 1814; the glebe of the union comprises 91 acres, of which 12 are in this parish, valued together at £81. 9. 1 1/2. per ann.: and the gross value of the benefice, including tithe and glebe, amounts to £358. 7. 7 1/4 The church is a small plain edifice, erected in 1702. In the R. C. divisions this is a separate parish and generally appertains to the bishop of the diocese, who appoints a curate to perform the duty; the chapel is a very handsome edifice. About 120 children are taught in the parochial school, which is supported by the incumbent and Lord Clancarty, who has given the school-house and half an acre of land; and there are three private schools, in which are about 110 children. At Pallas, anciently called Kaltragh-ni-Pallice, are the ruins of an ancient and strong castle; and there was formerly a friary, dedicated to the Blessed Virgin, founded by Birmingham, Baron of Athenry, for Carmelite or White friars, which was granted by Queen Elizabeth to John Rawson, Esq.

TYNAN, a post-town and parish, partly in the barony of ARMAGH, but chiefly in that of TURANEY, county of ARMAGH, and province of ULSTER, 6 1/2 miles (W. by S.) from Armagh, and 72 (N. by W.) from Dublin, on the road from Armagh to Monaghan; containing with the town of Middleton and the village of Killyleagh (both separately described), 11,542 inhabitants, of which number, 243 are in the town of Tynan. This was formerly a parish of great extent and importance: it is noticed in Pope Nicholas's Taxation in 1291 as belonging to the Colidei or Culdees of Armagh, who are said to have retained possession of it for some time after the Reformation. It was united with Derrynoose in the 14th and 15th of Chas. II., but the union was severed by an act of the 8th of Anne, c. 13, and lately the district parishes of Killyleagh and Middleton have been separated from it. It contains 17,646 statute acres, of which 80 3/4 are under water, being the small lakes of Portnelligan, Houslough, and Kiltubrit, which discharge their superfluous waters into Glaslough, in the county of Monaghan. The soil is generally a rich loam of considerable depth: tillage is carried on to a great extent and under an excellent system: flax of the best quality is grown in very large quantities. There is no waste land; bogs were numerous, but they are now mostly cut out or reclaimed: there are several quarries of limestone and freestone. Though the coal formation extends over a considerable district, little advantage has been derived from it, as the veins hitherto discovered are too thin to be worked with profit. Here was formerly an extensive forest, known by the name of the Bondville wood, consisting chiefly of oak, ash and fir, and extending over several hundred acres, but it was all cut away during a period in which the estate was under litigation. At Doogary and at Belteagh are large flour-mills. The Ulster canal, designed to connect Loughs Neagh and Erne, passes through the parish. The town, situated on an eminence, contains 40 houses; it has a dispensary, and petty sessions are held in it every second Wednesday and at Middleton on the alternate Wednesdays. The lands of the parish are divided among several proprietors in fee. Ten townlands belong to the Provost and Fellows of Trinity College, Dublin; eight to the trustees of Bishop Sterne's charities; the remainder to Lord Gosford, Lord Caledon, Sir James Stronge, Bart., and several others. The great number of resident gentlemen who spend their incomes in the improvement of their property and in the diffusion of comfort and useful information throughout the district has tended much to the prosperity of all classes, the existence of which is apparent in the highly improved culture of the land, the exterior of the farm-houses and cottages, and the general appearance and demeanour of the population. The most remarkable seats are Tynan Abbey, the residence of Sir J. M. Stronge, who is proprietor of the village of the same name; Woodpark, of Capt. Acheson St. George; Fellows Hall, of T. Knox Armstrong, Esq.; Mount Irwin, of W. Irwin, Esq.; Darton, of Maxwell Cross, Esq.; Portnelligan, of Alex. Cross, Esq.; Ashfort, of Hugh Harris, Esq.; Bondville, of H. Coote Bond, Esq.; the glebe, of the Rev. W. Mauleverer; and Chantilly glebe, of the Rev. J. W. Trew.

The living is a rectory and vicarage, in the diocese of Armagh, being the corps of the prebend of Tynan in the cathedral of Armagh, and in the patronage of the Lord Primate: the tithes amount to £800. 1. 7., out of which the curates of Killyleagh and Middleton are paid: the townland of Cortaynan, comprising 564 acres, is tithe-free: the incumbent of Tynan has the appointment of the curate of Middleton and every third turn of that of the curate of Killyleagh. The glebe-house was built in 1777, at an expense of £1108 British, and has been since improved at a cost of £1442: the glebe contains 217a. 3r. 6p., statute measure, valued at £190. 12., of which the incumbent holds 58 acres in his own hands, and the remainder is let to tenants. The church, situated in the village of Tynan, two miles from the church of Middleton and one and a half from that of Killyleagh, was built in 1784 and considerably enlarged in 1822, by the addition of a north and south transept and chancel, by which it has been made a commodious cruciform edifice, at an expense of £646, which was a loan from the late Board of First Fruits. In the R. C. arrangements the parish is divided into the Upper and Lower parishes, each having a chapel, one of which is in the village of Tynan, and the other at Ashford near Middleton: the former, erected in 1810 at an expense of £1800, has a very fine altar: the latter, built in 1838 at an expense of £1250, and to which two galleries were added in 1834, at a further expense of £300, has also an altar of very superior workmanship, which cost £100. At Lisdooney there is a place of worship for Presbyterians in connection with the Synod of Ulster, of the second class; and there are two for Seceders, one at Middleton of the third class, the other at Drumhillary of the second: they are all neat and commodious buildings. A female school on the glebe was built and is supported by the rector; a large school-house in the village of Tynan, with a residence for the master and an endowment of an acre of land, established by the trustees of Erasmus Smith's charities, affords instruction to 45 boys and 20 girls; and at Derryhaw is also a male and female school: in all these schools about 240 children are educated. There are also three private schools, in which are about 100 pupils; and five Sunday schools. A considerable tract of land, comprising 1312 acres, was bequeathed by Dr. Sterne, Bishop of Clogher, for supporting hospitals and schools, and for other charitable purposes; the management of this charity was vested in trustees by act of parliament in 1772. The remains of an ancient and highly ornamented stone cross, which originally stood in the churchyard, but was thrown down and defaced by Cromwell's soldiers, have been built into the wall of the churchyard for their better preservation.

TYRELLA, a parish, in the barony of LECALE, county of DOWN, and province of ULSTER, 4 miles (S. S. E.) from Clough, and 6 (S. W.) from Downpatrick; containing 1773 inhabitants. This parish is situated on the bay of Dundrum, by which it is bounded on the south; and comprises, according to the Ordnance survey, 1999 1/4: statute acres, the whole of which, with the exception of a few acres of sand hills along the shore, is land of good quality and in a state of profitable cultivation. The system of agriculture is improved, and the crops of wheat, barley, oats, flax, and potatoes are abundant, the lands being much enriched by the facility of obtaining sea sand and weed for manure. Tyrella House, the handsome residence of A. H. Montgomery, Esq., is beautifully situated in a richly planted demesne of 300 acres, commanding extensive views over the bay, with the noble range of the Mourne mountains in the back-ground, and containing within its limits the site and cemetery of the ancient parish church. Off the coast is a rocky shoal extending one mile from the shore, at the extremity of which is a rock called the Cow and Calf, seldom covered by the sea. It is a rectory, in the diocese of Down, forming part of the union and corps of the deanery of Down: the tithes amount to £164. 15. 9. In the R. C. divisions it is the head of a union or district, comprising also the parish of Ballykinlar and part of Loughin island; there are chapels at Ballykinlar and Drumaroda. About 150 children are taught in a school under the New Board of Education; and there are two private schools, in which are about 70 children, and a Sunday school. In the demesne of Tyrella House, and near the site of the old church, a cave was discovered in 1832, artificially constructed of uncemented stones and covered with flagstones, above which the earth is thickly heaped; it is 43 yards in length, 2 1/2 feet wide, and about 5 feet high, dividing into three chambers, 60, 45, and 24 feet in length respectively, the last extending its width to six feet.

TYRENASCRAGH, a parish, in the barony of LONGFORD, county of GALWAY, and province of CONNAUGHT, 3 1/2 miles (N. N. E.) from Portumna, on the road from Loughrea to the Shannon; containing 1093 inhabitants. This parish, which is pleasantly situated on the river Shannon, comprises 3686 statute acres, as applotted under the tithe act; about one-half of the land is arable and in a profitable state of cultivation; the system of agriculture is improving, and there is a large tract of bog. The principal seats are Longford Lodge, the residence of Major Kelly; Longford Castle, of J. Dowling, Esq.; and Waterview, of J. Lemon, Esq. It is a vicarage, in the diocese of Clonfert, forming part of the union of Dononoughta; the rectory is appropriate partly to the see and partly to the deanery. The tithes amount to £71. 1. 6 1/2., of which £34. 3. 1. is payable to the Ecclesiastical Commissioners, (as part of the temporalities of the see), £4. 12. 8 3/4. to the Dean, and £32. 6. 1 3/4. to the vicar. In the R. C. divisions it is part of the union or district of Killimore; the chapel is a small thatched building, situated in the village. About 150 children are taught in two private schools in the parish.

TYRONE (County of), an inland county of the province of ULSTER, bounded on the east by the county of Armagh and Lough Neagh, on the north by the county of Londonderry, on the west by the counties of Donegal and Fermanagh, and on the south by those of Fermanagh and Monaghan. It extends from 53° 59' to 54° 37' (N. Lat.), and from 6° 28' to 7° 50' (W. Lon.); comprising an area, according to the Ordnance survey, of 754,395 statute acres, of which 555,820 are cultivated land, 171,314 are unimproved mountain and bog, and 27,261 are covered with water. The population, in 1821, amounted to 261,865; and in 1831, to 302,943.

In the time of Ptolemy it was inhabited by the Scoti, which tribe extended itself over most of the inland regions; though some writers place the Erdini here, as well as in the neighbouring maritime county of Donegal. It was afterwards known as the district or kingdom of Cineal Eoghain, frequently called Tyr-Oen, whence its present name of Tyrone is derived: a portion of its southern border embraces the northern parts of the ancient district of Orgial or Uriel. According to Camden it was divided into Upper and Lower, or North and South Tyrone by the Slieve Gallion mountain; but as this range is now wholly included within Londonderry, it is probable that the name of Tyrone was then extended to the greater part of that county also. This district was from the earliest period of the Irish annals the chief seat of the power of the O'Nials, the princes or kings of the country, who traced their origin from Nial of the nine hostages, and several of whom obtained the sovereignty over the whole island. In the tenth century, Hugh O'Nial, lord or chief of Tyr-Oen, was solicited by Malachy, King of Ireland, to assist him against Brian Boroimhe, then claiming the rank of King of Ireland, and was offered a large portion of Meath as the reward of his acquiescence. O'Nial of Tyrone was one of the chiefs in Roderic O'Conor's army in his unsuccessful attempt to drive the English out of Dublin. In 1177, his death is recorded under the title of King of Tyrone. On the second arrival of King John in Ireland, O'Nial, who had been a formidable opponent to De Courcy during his invasion of Ulster, was prevailed on to give his personal attendance on the king, but not until two hostages had been sent for the security of his person. Hen. III., in a letter to the Irish subordinate princes who had done homage to the English sovereign, styles him O'Ne'l regi de Kinelum sive Tir-Oen. The O'Nial family was also one of the five Irish septs which were specially entitled to the enjoyment of English rights and privileges. On the first arrival of Rich. II. in Ireland, O'Nial met him in Drogheda, being the first of four native princes who waited on that king. During this period and for many years after, this territory, of which Tyrone was the principal part and the usual seat of the ruling prince's residence, was untouched by the English; while, on the contrary, their borders were exposed to his predatory incursions. O'Nial was one of the adherents of Edward Bruce in his attempt to conquer Ireland. In 1333, on the death of the Earl of Ulster, who was assassinated at Carrickfergus by his own servants, O'Nial crossed the Bann and seized part of the counties of Down and Antrim, which he parcelled out into the districts of the Upper and Lower Claneboy, and these continued subject to the family till the reign of Jas. I. In the reign of Hen. VIII., Hugh Baccagh, or the Lame, invaded Meath, but was afterwards induced to submit to that monarch, by whom he was honoured with a collar of gold; and though he had supported the Kildare family during its rebellion, he was not only pardoned but had the title of Earl of Tyrone conferred on him, with remainder to his illegitimate son Matthew. On his death, however, his legitimate son John, better known by the name of Shane O'Nial, assumed the family title and seized on the inheritance, claiming the sovereignty of the province, and arrogating the supremacy over all the subordinate clans; after maintaining a desultory warfare against the English government, he was assassinated by Alexander Oge McConnell, or McDonnell, the leader of the Scots in Ulster, to whom he had recourse for protection when unable to give effectual resistance to the English. The title was claimed after his death by Tirlogh Leinagh O'Nial, a nephew of the first Earl of Tyrone, but being advanced in years and of a peaceable disposition, he suffered it to be wrested from him by Hugh, the son of Matthew O'Nial, who, after performing some services to the English in the war against Desmond, was admitted to the title and rank of Earl of Tyrone and to the estate of his ancestors, in virtue of the grant made to his grandfather; a fort on the Blackwater being the only place excepted from his jurisdiction. He afterwards became one of the bitterest and most formidable enemies of the English. In consequence of alleged grievances, he raised forces and suddenly seized on the above-named fort, which was the key of his territory on that side; but being hard pressed by Sir John Norris, he evacuated that position, burnt the town of Dungannon, and the neighbouring villages, together with the greater part of his own fortress there, and endeavoured to preserve his life by concealment. Afterwards, being buoyed up with promises of succours from Spain, he joined a league of all the northern chieftains against the English. In 1597, the whole of Ulster, except the castles along the coast, was in the possession of O'Nial or his adherents; and in an attempt made to relieve the fort of the Blackwater, then hard pressed by his army, Sir Henry Bagnall, Marshal of the English, his inveterate enemy, was utterly routed and slain. After having baffled the celebrated and unfortunate Earl of Essex by a succession of affected submissions and unexpected hostilities, and joined in the expedition to Munster to aid the Spaniards at Kinsale, he was invaded in turn by the royal forces under Lord Mountjoy, who, by seizing on the passes and erecting forts at Charlemont, Mountjoy, and other important positions, reduced him to "such extremities that he surrendered at Mellifont, and attended Mountjoy to Dublin, who proposed to send him thence to the Queen. Her death changed his destination for that time; but in the beginning of the ensuing reign, being suspected of an attempt to excite a new insurrection in Ulster, he fled to Spain; and his princely property being consequently confiscated, was parcelled out into six counties, which were modelled, divided, and planted with English settlers under special instructions from the king. According to the rules of this settlement, the whole county, which was estimated to contain 1571 balliboes, or 98,187 acres, being at the rate of 1000 acres to 16 balliboes, was divided into 76 portions, which, after deducting a portion for the church and some lands for Trinity College, Dublin, were granted to English and Irish undertakers, that is, settlers, who engaged to build, fortify, and stock the lands with British tenantry. Five borough towns, Dungannon, Clogher, Omagh, Strabane, and Mountjoy were allowed a certain portion of the surrounding grounds; and another portion was assigned to some of the members of the O'Nial family. The Irish were distributed as tenants among the undertakers, the swordsmen excepted, who were to be removed to the waste parts of Connaught or Munster, where they were to be dispersed and not suffered to settle together in one place. On an inspection of the progress of the plantation, made by Captain Pynnar under the king's direction in 1618, it appeared that the county was divided into the five precincts of Strabane, Omy, Clogher, Mountjoy, and Dungannon: the first of these, Strabane, was allotted to Scotch undertakers, of whom those then in possession of the lands granted to the original patentees were the Earl of Abercorn, Sir Geo. Hamilton, Sir William Stewart, Sir Robert Newcomen, and Sir John Drummond; Omy, allotted to English undertakers, was in the possession of the Earl of Castlehaven and Sir John Davies; Clogher, also allotted to English undertakers, was held by Lord Ridgwaie, George Ridgwaie, Sir Gerard Lowther, Lord Burleigh, John Leigh, Sir William Stewart, Sir William Cope, and William Parsons; Mountjoy, allotted to Scotch undertakers, was held by Sir Robert Heyburne, Lord Vehiltree, Captain Sanderson, Mrs. Lindsey, Alex. Richardson, Andrew Stewart (son to Lord Vehiltree), and David Kenedaie; Dungannon, allotted to servitors and natives, was held by Lord Chichester, Lord Ridgwaie, Sir Toby Caulfield, William Parsons, Sir Francis Ansley, Lord Wingfield, and Tirlagh O'Nial. The only towns in the erection of which any progress had been made were those of Strabane and Augher. The county continued to improve during the reign of Jas. I. and in the commencement of that of Chas. I., but it suffered greatly during the war of 1641, at the termination of which, much of the lands fell into the hands of new proprietors; and in the subsequent war of 1688 it was the scene of many military events connected with the siege of Londonderry.

The county is partly in the diocese of Clogher, partly in that of Armagh, but chiefly in that of Derry. For purposes of civil jurisdiction it is divided into the baronies of Clogher, Dungannon, Strabane, and Omagh. It contains the borough and market-town of Dungannon, the assize and market-town of Omagh, the disfranchised boroughs and market and post-towns of Strabane and Clogher; the disfranchised borough and market-town of Augher; the market and post-towns of Cookstown, Stewartstown, Newtown-Stewart, Aughnacloy, Caledon, Ballygawley, Castlederg, and Moy; the market-towns of Drumquin, Beregh, and Trillick; and the post-towns of Fintona, Five-mile-town, Dunamanagh, and Coal-Island. The principal villages are Claudy, Coagh, Dromore, Gartin, Pomeroy, Six-mile-cross (each of which has a penny post), Killeter, Newmills, Termonmaguirk, and Tullyhoge. It sent ten members to the Irish parliament, two for the county, and two each for the boroughs of Dungannon, Strabane, Augher, and Clogher. Since the Union its representatives in the Imperial parliament have been two for the county, and one for the borough of Dungannon: the election for the county is held at Omagh. The county constituency, as registered to the commencement of the year 1837, was, 322 freeholders of £50, 346 of £20, and 1805 of £10; 1 rent-charger of £50, and 30 of £20; 50 leaseholders of £20, and 46 of £10; making a total of 2600 electors. Tyrone is included in the north-west circuit: the assizes are held at Omagh, where the county gaol and court-house are situated: general sessions of the peace are held alternately at Omagh and Strabane, for the Omagh district, which comprises the baronies of the same name: those for the district of Dungannon, which comprises the baronies of Dungannon and Clogher, are held at Dungannon and Clogher alternately. The local government is vested in a lieutenant, 13 deputy-lieutenants, and 106 other magistrates, together with the usual county officers, including two coroners. There are 29 constabulary police stations, having in the whole a force of an inspector, a paymaster, 2 stipendiary magistrates, 5 officers, 32 constables, 189 men, and 5 horses. The district lunatic asylum is in the city of Londonderry, the county infirmary at Omagh, the fever hospital at Strabane; and there are dispensaries at Termonmaguirk, Stewartstown, Augher, Clogher, Castlederg, Caledon, Dungannon, Newtown-Slewart, Strabane, Dunamanagh, Drumquin, Fintona, Coagh, Dromore, Trillick, Omagh, Gortin, Ballygawley, and Cookstown, supported by equal Grand Jury presentments and private subscription. The Grand Jury presentments for 1836 amounted to £35,331. 13. 2., of which £4031. 11. 10. was for roads, bridges, &c., being the county charge; £18,952. 1. 2 1/2. for the same, being the baronial charge; £5450. 17. 8. for public buildings, charities, officers' salaries, and incidents; £2574. 6. 2 1/2. for the police; and £4322. 16. 3. for the repayment of advances made by Government. In the military arrangements the county is in the northern district, and contains one barrack for infantry at Omagh.

The surface is greatly diversified by a continued variety of hill and dale, rising into elevated mountain tracts in the north and west, which are known by the general name of the Munterlowny mountains: the most elevated is Sawell, part of which is in the county of Londonderry, 2235 feet high; the next is Mullaghearn, 1778 feet. Bessy Bell and Mary Grey are the fanciful names of two mountains detached from this range and standing prominently remarkable on each side of the river Mourne: the former is said to derive its name from Baal or Bel, whose religious rites called Baase were performed on its summit; hence the expression Baase Bell, which by a natural corruption has been moulded into its present popular appellation: the origin of the name of the other has not been ascertained. To the west of the barony of Dungannon are the mountains of Ballygawley, and still further southwest are those of Morley or Murley, both so high as to preclude the possibility of cultivation, though not so lofty as the northern range. The less elevated districts present many views of rich tranquil scenery. The mountainous parts, particularly near the courses of the numerous rivers and streams, abound with picturesque and romantic prospects: the central part of the county from Omagh to Ballygawley is mostly a dreary expanse of bog and heath. The lakes are few and small; in the demesne of Baronscourt are three, in one of which is an artificial islet, clothed with timber, called McHugh's island, from a chieftain of that name who constructed it and erected a fortress on it. Not far from Baronscourt is Lough Creevy; Lough Frae or Fry is in Lissan parish: there are others, small but interesting for their scenery, near Pomeroy, Donoughmore, Fairlough, and Dunamanagh; the border of one in the demesne of Pomeroy presents an exact miniature resemblance of the outline of Ireland.

The climate is very variable: the prevalence of western winds occasions a constant humidity of the atmosphere, which is a frequent cause of rheumatism and paralysis; but the county is improving greatly in this respect; disease is much more uncommon than it was formerly, and those who are well fed and clothed are as free from sickness here as the similar class in any other part of the country. In the mountain districts to the north, the soil is cold and shallow, seldom exceeding six inches in depth: in some parts the subsoil is a tenacious clay, rendering the surface wet and spongy; in others it is a compact bog, equally tenacious of moisture, and therefore equally injurious by retaining the surface water; yet even amidst these elevated cold and moory districts in the north and west, some spots of excellent land appear, well cultivated and highly productive. At Strabane the lands are of a dry and fertile description, and also in a high state of cultivation; near Urney are some meadow lands of the richest quality. The eastern parts are a deep alluvial soil based upon limestone, adequate also to produce excellent crops. The vale of the Blackwater is exceedingly picturesque and also of the greatest fertility.

Agriculture has made rapid advances of late years, particularly in the eastern districts, where crops of every kind are raised of the best quality. The culture of wheat is universal, except in the mountainous parts: the farmers are peculiarly skilful in the management of flax and potatoes. The lands in the more fertile districts are much subdivided, the general size of farms varying from 5 to 50 acres: the fields are judiciously laid out; the fences generally of white thorn, except in the hilly country, where they are mostly of dry stone, sometimes 8 feet broad at the bottom, very carelessly built and much neglected: where stones are scarce, walls built of sods, and often topped with furze, are used. Draining and irrigation form part of the general system in many parts, but the water is not good for irrigation. The improvements in the agricultural implements and carriages have kept pace with those in tillage. Spade cultivation is not so prevalent here as in the hilly districts of other counties. An implement called a "skroghoge," for cutting scraws or sods, is peculiar to this part of the country: it is in the form of a large spade, with a blade of ten inches both in length and breadth, and a handle about four feet and a half long. The sods used in the covering of houses, to lay between the wattles and the thatch, are cut with it about two feet broad and from an inch to two inches thick; the length is determined by that of the slope of the roof: when cut, they are rolled upon a stick like a roll of parchment, and thus carried to the place on which they are to be laid. The mode formerly general here of allowing land to rest for a few years, to recover itself naturally, without the assistance of clover or hay-seeds, prevented the pastures from being of a rich quality, but it is no longer practised except by the poorest class of farmers. A pernicious custom exists in many parts of turning the cattle into the potato grounds before the stalks are withered, thus checking the growth of the bulb and injuring the land. Red and white clover are the most common kind of artificial grasses. The native cattle are mostly reared on the mountains; they are of various colours and shapes, but generally small, as heavy stock could not subsist on the scanty vegetation produced there, being principally heath and a coarse kind of sedge grass which springs up immediately after burning the heath, a common practice in many parts. In no other county in Ireland has there been a greater improvement in the breed of cattle than in the low country of Tyrone. Some of the best description in England and Scotland have been brought over. The numerous crosses thus produced have occasioned a great variety of stock, which, however, appears necessary to suit the various soils. In the valley of the Blackwater and some other similar districts, the Durham breed thrives remarkably well, and in many parts a judicious cross with the Kerry cow has been introduced to great advantage. Though there are few extensive dairy farms, butter is made in large quantities, and some cheese: the butter is usually salted and made up in firkins for the Scotch market. The native horse, though ill-shaped, is hardy and well suited to agricultural purposes: a superior description, for the road or field sports, is brought in from other counties: the great mart for the purchase of good horses is the fair of Moy; yet some very fine horses are now reared in the county from British sires. The native sheep are small and ill-shaped, and very inferior both as to fleece and carcass: these are confined to the mountainous districts; in the fertile parts the breed is good; but, strictly speaking, Tyrone is not a sheep-feeding county. The vicinity of Strabane is the only part in which pigs are kept in great numbers; and little improvement has taken place in this kind of stock.

The county exhibits some very striking geological features. The red sandstone formation embraces a considerable portion of its southern and eastern parts, while the greatest part of the north and west belongs to the clay-slate formation. In both districts there are considerable exceptions. The clay-slate is intersected by a vein of micaceous limestone, which first appears in the bed of the river Poe; thence passing near Newtown-Stewart and crossing the Munterlowney mountains, it terminates near the village of Dunamanagh, in the northern extremity of the county. Detached portions of limestone, similar to that of the great central field of Ireland, are to be met with in many parts: white limestone, containing numerous nodules of flint, similar to that of Antrim, is found near Coagh. Near Cookstown is a species dissimilar to all the others, and containing a great variety of organic remains: the vein extends southwards to Stewartstown and is disposed in strata varying from five inches to four feet in thickness. But the most remarkable geological feature of the county is its coal formation, in which, though the field is of small extent as compared with those in the south and west, it surpasses them in the thickness of the seams and quality of the mineral. The district around this coal field contains rocks of every class, from the more ancient of the primary to the latest of the secondary or alluvial formations. In the Coal Island works the coal rests on fireclay, in Drumglass on soft porous sandstone, and in Annahoe on blue clunch; but as the country in which the collieries are situated is covered with alluvial soil to the depth of from 20 to 30 feet, it is often difficult to trace the various beds. In its external aspect it is in general similar to that composed of sandstone; the surface exhibiting an assemblage of low hills with steep acclivities and flattened summits, rarely exceeding 100 feet in height: when higher, their upper part is generally composed either of new red sandstone or of trap. The Coal Island district is 8 miles long by an average breadth of 2 1/2 miles, and therefore comprehends an area of about 1140 acres; the Annahoe district is little more than a mile long by half a mile in breadth, and may therefore contain about 500 acres. Both districts contain sandstone, sandstone slate, shale, argillaceous ironstone, and fire-clay. The composition and external character both of the coal and of its accompanying strata are nearly similar in the two divisions: it burns rapidly, giving out a bright blaze and intense heat, like that of Ayrshire. The shale, called by the miners metal, varies in colour from light blueish white to black, is extremely soft, and decomposes rapidly on exposure to the atmosphere: it sometimes contains impressions of ferns, myrtle, and gigantic reeds. An uncommon species of clay-stone, extremely compact and difficult to break, occurs interstratified with the shale. Argillaceous iron-stone is not abundant; when found, impressions of a large species of fern are frequently detected in the interior. The fire-clay, which lies immediately beneath the bed of coal, is so soft as to form a pulpy mass on the admixture of the slightest moisture, and by allowing the pillars of coal which support the roof to sink into it, immediately swells and would close the workings were not great precautions adopted. This clay makes fire-bricks equal to those of Stourbridge. Great irregularity prevails in the direction and inclination of the coal strata: the main dip in the southern extremity is north-east; in the northern, south-west; but it is frequently altered by wavings or undulations, which are generally north and south. Besides these undulations, which throw the strata into confusion, the continuity of the beds is often broken by slips or faults. The average angle of the strata with the horizon is about 11° 30', or one foot of fall for five of length, but in many places it increases to 50°: the difficulty of clearing off the water is much increased by this increase of angle. The quantity of coal capable of being produced from the Coal Island district may be estimated from the fact that, in the immediate vicinity of the village, there are seven workable beds of coal, amounting, in the aggregate, to 34 feet of coal in a depth of 244 yards: no instance occurs in the great mining districts of England of an equal number of beds so near each other. From the sulphureous and ferruginous appearance of the water in many places, it is evident that large quantities of iron ore are deposited here. Clay, of various colours, for making bricks, may be procured in all parts of the county. Good flooring and ridge tiles, garden pots, and coarse earthenware are made in the neighbourhood of Moy and Killyman. Excellent pottery is manufactured near Coal Island: the clay, which is of a muddy white before it is baked, is made up into small oblong wedges of about a pound each, and sold as a substitute for fullers' earth, for which purpose it is sent to all parts and brings back a profitable return. A line of escars proceeds from Killyman, by Dungannon, Ballygawley, and Clogher, to Five-mile-town, where it enters the county of Fermanagh. Those in this county are formed of nodules of basalt, greenstone, porphyry, limestone, chalcedony, jasper, and agate: a branch of them near Fintona is almost exclusively formed of chalcedony, jasper, agates, and quartz. At Killeshill and Newtown-Saville the formation of the escars is as regular as if they had been artificially arranged. In the sandstone formation in Killyman, fossil fishes of several species are found, among which the trout and pike can be distinctly recognised: on raising the stone from the quarry, the fish is found imbedded in it, one side of it being raised in high relief, and the concave impress of it in the lower stone exhibits the marks of the gills, eyes, and scales with the utmost accuracy.

The linen manufacture has long been the staple of the county, and though it has declined considerably, large quantities are annually manufactured and bleached, principally for the English market. Bleach-greens were numerous in every part, but nearly two-thirds of them are unemployed or converted to other purposes. The linens are all carried in a brown state to the towns of Omagh, Dungannon, Cookstown, Ballygawley, Fintona, and Strabane, and sold in the markets there. The wool of the county, and all that is brought into it, is made up into cloth, blankets, and druggets. The farmers, who are in general linen-weavers, consume the greater part of the cloth and blankets; the druggets are worn by the poorer class of women; the cloth is generally yard wide, and of very good quality. The people are all expert at dyeing for their domestic purposes; they dye various colours, but blue is the favourite. Excellent druggets of two parts wool and one linen are much esteemed. An economical practice of the wool-spinners is worthy of notice: the root of the common fern is replete during summer with an oily glutinous substance, an excellent substitute for oil or butter; and as wool cannot be manufactured without the aid of some substance of this nature, a pound of wool requiring a quarter of a pound of butter, the common people supply the want of it by cutting the fern root into small pieces, bruising it in a mortar, and pressing out the juice through a cloth. Spades, shovels, and other farming implements, crucibles and other chymical vessels, and fire-bricks, are manufactured very extensively at Coal Island. Tanning is carried on in several places, as is also the manufacture of tobacco, soap, and candles. There is a good ale brewery at Donoughmore; distilleries are worked in various parts. There are large flour-mills at Caledon and Coal Island, plating-mills at Leckpatrick, Fintona and New-mills, and scutch-mills in most parts.

The county is copiously watered by the numerous branches of the Foyle, which, under the names of the Munterlony, the Poe, the Mourne, the Carnown, the Owenkellow, and the Owenreagh, rise in the mountainous central districts: the Derg joins the Mourne from a lough of its own name; the Dennet empties itself into the Foyle near the northern boundary of the county. The Foyle, which forms part of the western boundary, is navigable to St. Johnstown, and thence by an artificial navigation between three and four miles farther up to Strabane. The Ballinderry river forms part of the north-eastern boundary. The Blackwater, which forms part of the southern boundary, and discharges itself into Lough Neagh, is navigable to Moy and Blackwatertown: near the mouth of this river a canal proceeds from the lake to Coal Island, and more than half a century since was partially opened above New Mills, but this latter part of the undertaking was abandoned before the canal was completed. The beauty of the scenery in several parts is much enhanced by woods and plantations. Large tracts of land near Baron's Court, and Rash or Mountjoy forest, have been planted since 1795. Near Augher and Favour Royal there are considerable natural woods, and throughout the greater part of the county the soil appears disposed to throw up a spontaneous growth of timber, but in too many instances the young trees are neglected and the cattle suffered to browse upon them. Near Strabane are many large and well-stocked orchards. The roads are numerous, and in general judiciously laid out and kept in good repair. A new line is now in progress of formation from Omagh by Mountfield, Kildress, and Cookstown to Belfast. The roads are all made and repaired by county presentments.

The remains of antiquity are neither numerous nor peculiarly interesting. Raths are scattered over almost every part: near the western border of the mountain named Mary Gray, more than twelve of them may be seen within the compass of a mile: they are generally in pairs; many are now scarcely discernible, in consequence of the [farmers having drawn off the mould for manure. The most perfect has a parapet six feet high, with stepping-stones projecting from the inner sides in an oblique direction to the top, like the winding of a staircase: its diameter is 33 yards. A very remarkable Druidical monument, called Clogh-togle, or the "lifted stone," stands on a hill a mile north of Newtown-Stewart: it consists of three large stones set upright in a triangular position, about 7 feet high each, and covered with a broad horizontal flag, 11 feet long, 7 broad, and 15 inches thick. On an opposite hill, at the distance of about 100 yards, was a similar relic of larger dimensions, now lying on the ground. There is a large and very beautiful one, also called Clogh-togle, at Tamlaght near Coagh; it consists of six upright stones standing about 5 feet above the ground, on which is a large slab whose greatest diameter is 10 feet, its circumference 28, and its greatest thickness 7 feet; and there is another, but less perfect, in the demesne of Loughry, and a very noble one, 12 feet high, a quarter of a mile above Castle Derg. At Kilmeillie, near Dungannon, are two circles of stones, each about 20 yards in diameter, in the form of the figure 8. On the same hill was found a kind of altar of dry stones, with the charcoal and bones fresh among the stones, which retained the marks of fire. An urn was found in a little sandy hill near Cookstown, covered with a large limestone slab, and surrounded by six others. Near Omagh, three small chests containing as many urns were found in 1712, under two heaps of stones. In the parish of Errigal-Keroge is a flat stone set upright, about three feet broad and of the same height above ground, having one side covered with carvings of a regular design, consisting of waving and circular lines: it had been the cover of a vault formed of flags set edgeways: in the vault were found two earthen vessels containing ashes. Near Dungannon were found several brazen trumpets of an uncommon construction, with a hole in the side, and the smaller end stopped, supposed to have been Danish. The monastic institutions, of which traces yet remain, are those of Ardboe, Ardstraw, Cluin-Dhubhain, Garvaghkerin, Puble, Grange, and Donoughmore. Those of Clogher, Airecal-Dachioroc or Errigal-Keroge, Corock, Ballinasagart, Dungannon, Omagh, Maghclair, Strabane, and Trillick exist only in the records of history. The remains of ancient castles are numerous, but few of them are of much importance. Benburb is the largest: near it are the ruins of one of the residences of Shane O'Nial; those of Newtown-Stewart, Dungannon, Strabane, and Ballygawley are, together with the modern mansions of the nobility and gentry throughout the county, noticed under their respective parishes.

The peasantry are very industrious. The houses of the farmers are built in some parts of stone, in others of clay; slating is becoming more prevalent than thatch for roofing. The want of native timber has also been much felt in the construction of the houses of the small farmers and cottiers. The cabins are generally built at the joint cost of landlord and tenant, in which case the latter has an abatement of rent: when the whole is executed at the tenant's cost, a year's rent is usually allowed him. The use of turf for fuel is universal, except in the immediate neighbourhood of the collieries. The food consists of potatoes and oatmeal, and in seasons of scarcity, barley-meal; milk is used in summer and autumn; in winter, herrings. Sometimes a pig is killed at Christmas, or several labourers join in the purchase of a cow. The Donagh, which is kept at Brookborough, near Five-mile-town, is a box or casket about the size of a thick quarto volume, containing a representation of Christ and the Apostles in high relief on brass coated with silver, under which are some relics; it is used as a test of veracity in taking evidence among the people. A belief in fairies, called here the Wee People, is universal among the poorer peasantry; as is the custom of driving their cattle round fires lighted on Midsummer eve. A kind of hurling, here called "common," is a favourite amusement of the young men: formerly they devoted eleven days at Christmas to this exercise, now they give only one; a proof of the increase of habits of industry.

There are chalybeate springs at Dunbonrover, in Badony parish; at the foot of Douglas mountain; besides several of less note among the Munterlowny mountains. At Aghaloo is a sulphureous water stronger than that at Swanlinbar; and a very valuable mineral water at Scarvey, two miles from Aughnacloy. Tyrone gives the inferior titles of Earl and Viscount to the Marquess of Waterford, the head of the Beresford family.

TYRRELL'S PASS, a post-town, partly in the parish of CLONFAD, but chiefly in that of NEWTOWN, barony of FARTULLAGH, county of WESTMEATH, and province of LEINSTER, 19 1/2 miles (E.) from Athlone, and 40 (S. W.) from Dublin, on the mail coach road to Athlone; containing 537 inhabitants. This town takes its name from having been for many centuries the residence of the family of Tyrrell, of whose castle near the town there are still some remains. It is situated at the meeting of three roads, and consists of one long street, containing 82 houses, most of which are well built and roofed with slate; the inhabitants are supplied with water from a well in the centre of the market area, enclosed at the expense of the Countess of Belvidere, who is proprietor of the town. To the east rises the high hill of Gnewbaune, near the base of which is Tou, the pleasant seat of H. Pilkington, Esq.; and in the environs are several handsome seats and pleasing villas. The cotton manufacture was formerly carried on here to a very considerable extent, but is at present discontinued. Fairs are held on the 17th of May and Dec., chiefly for cattle, and are numerously attended; the market, formerly held by patent, is discontinued. The parish church of Clonfad, a handsome structure in the later English style, with a well-proportioned spire, is situated in the town; and there is also a place of worship for Wesleyan Methodists, built by the Countess of Belvidere. A savings' bank, a charitable loan fund, and a dispensary, have been established; and there is a ladies' charitable association under the patronage of the Countess of Belvidere, which has been highly beneficial to the poor.

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Some books on Irish names and genealogy

BAXTER, Angus. In search of your British and Irish Roots

BEGLEY, Donal F. Handbook on Irish Genealogy

DUFFY, Godfrey F. Tracing your Donegal Ancestors

FRANKLIN, Margaret. Tracing your Limerick Ancestors

GREHAN, Ida. Irish Family Names

GRENHAM, John. Clans and Families of Ireland

GRENHAM, John. Irish Ancestors: A Pocket Guide

GRENHAM, John. Tracing your Irish Ancestors

KINEALY, Christine. Tracing your Irish Roots

LEAHY, David. County Longford and its People

MacLYSAGHT, Edward. Irish Families: Their Names, Arms, and Origins

MacLYSAGHT, Edward. More Irish Families

MacLYSAGHT, Edward. Surnames of Ireland

MAXWELL, Ian. Researching Armagh Ancestors

MAXWELL, Ian. Researching Down Ancestors

McCARTHY & CADOGAN. Tracing your Cork Ancestors

O HOGAIN, Daithi. Irish Family Names

O MURCHADHA, D. Family Names of County Cork

O'FARRELL, Padraic. Irish Surnames

O'CONNOR, Michael. Tracing your Kerry Ancestors

OKANE, William. Irish Gravestone Inscriptions

RYAN & SMITH. Tracing your Dublin Ancestors

RYAN, James G. Irish Church Records

RYAN, James G. Sources for Irish Family History

SMITH, Brian. Tracing your Mayo Ancestors
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