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TEMPLENOE, or NEW CHURCH, a parish, in the barony of DUNKERRON, county of KERRY, and province of MUNSTER, 5 miles (W. S. W.) from Kenmare, on the road to Sneem; containing 3882 inhabitants. It is situated on the northern shore of the estuary or bay of Kenmare, from which it extends towards the base of the mountains of Mangerton and Mac Gillicuddy's Reeks, and is bounded on the east by the river Finihy, and on the west by the Blackwater, both flowing into Kenmare bay. Near the shore are the ruins of the ancient castle of Dunkerron (once the chief seat of the O'Sullivan Mores), which gives name to the barony and also to the manor into which the possessions of the Earl of Shelburne were erected by patent in 1721, on the petition of that nobleman, for the purpose of establishing a legal course of justice in this part of the country, which he declared, on account of its remoteness, had never before existed. The patent granted to the earl and his heirs courts baron, with special power to take cognizance and hold pleas in all actions for debt, trespass, &c., not exceeding £20: the jurisdiction of this court, which is generally held every third week at Kenmare, extends over parts of the baronies of Dunkerron, Iveragh, and Glanerough. The parish consists chiefly of mountain and bog: about one-sixth of it only is under tillage; two-sixths are irreclaimable rocky mountain, affording, however, coarse pasturage; and the remaining three-sixths are capable of reclamation: there are about 130 acres of woodland. Limestone exists on the islands of Cappanacoss and Dunkerron, and on the contiguous shore, and indications of copper are to be seen at Gortamullen: sea-weed collected in the bay is generally used for manure. Some of the inhabitants are employed in fishing and dredging for lobsters. The Spaniards are said to have formerly carried on an extensive fishery in this bay, and there still exist on the opposite shore the remains of several long, low buildings erected by them and bearing the name of "fish palaces." The salmon-hauling at the mouth of the Blackwater is noticed in the article on the village of that name. The principal seat is Dromore, the residence of the Rev. Denis Mahony, a noble edifice in the Gothic castellated style, lately erected on the shore of the bay, in the scenery of which it forms a striking feature; it commands a splendid and extensive prospect of the bay and of the bold and picturesque group of mountains on its southern shore; the demesne, which extends a considerable distance along the margin of the bay and the eastern bank of the Black-water, has been much improved and extensively planted by the present proprietor: within it are the ruins of Cappanacoss castle, formerly belonging to a branch of the O'Sullivans; and adjoining the ruined castle of Dunkerron is the seat of that name, the residence of Dr. Taylor, formerly lecturer at the Royal Cork Institution, a gentleman well known to the scientific world from his publications on botany, mineralogy, &c. The castles of Dunkerron and Cappanacoss are traditionally said to have been defended by their respective owners and founders, when attacked by Cromwell's forces. Merino Lodge is the residence of Edw. McSweeney, Esq. At Cappanacoss is a station of the constabulary police; and petty sessions for the Blackwater district are held at Cloverfield on the first Wednesday in each month. The parish is in the diocese of Ardfert and Aghadoe, and is a rectory and vicarage, forming part of the union of Kilcrohane: the tithes amount to £122. 6. 1 3/4. The church, a small plain building, situated about three-quarters of a mile to the west of the ancient edifice, was erected in 1816, at an expense of £700, of which £100 was contributed by the late Mr. Mahony, of Dromore, who also gave the site, and the remaining £600 was a gift from the late Board of First Fruits: it is fitted up with teak wood from the wreck of a vessel. In the R. C. divisions the parish forms part of the union or district of Kenmare: the ruins of the old church have been converted into a chapel. At Templenoe is a school supported by the Rev. D. Mahony; at Reen is another, supported by G. Langford, Esq.; and a third is held in the chapel under the superintendence of the R. C. clergyman: in these schools collectively about 110 children are educated. At Dreendroch is a cromlech.

TEMPLENOE, or LISNAVILLA, a parish, in the barony of CLANWILLIAM, county of TIPPERARY, and province of MUNSTER, 3 miles (N. E.) from Tipperary, on the road to Cashel, containing 1089 inhabitants. It comprises 3037 statute acres, as applotted under the tithe act, and valued at £3548 per annum, consisting chiefly of rich grazing land. The principal seats are Greenane, the residence of R. Southcote Mansergh, Esq.; Friarsfield Cottage, of Capt. Robt. Mansergh; and Newtown Cottage, of Jno. C. Mansergh, Esq. It is a rectory and vicarage, in the diocese of Cashel, forming part of the union of Tipperary: the tithes amount to £184. 12. 3 1/2. The glebe-house of the union is in this parish. About 120 children are educated in two private schools.

TEMPLEOMALUS, a parish, in the barony of IBANE and BARRYROE, county of CORK, and province of MUNSTER, 2 3/4 miles (S. E.) from Clonakilty, on the road to Donoughmore, and on the harbour of Clonakilty; containing, with the village of Ring, 1352 inhabitants. The Lord Arundel, in the early part of the thirteenth century, built here a very extensive and beautiful castle, called Castle Arundel; it afterwards passed to the Barrymore family, and was by them named Rine or Ring (whence the name of the village); part of the tower is all that remains. The lands of Ring and Lackenduff were granted by Charles II., in 1666, to the corporation of Bandon, but have long since passed from that body. The parish comprises 2049 statute acres, of which 1924 are applotted under the tithe act, and valued at £1006 per annum, 1899 acres are arable, 125 bog, and 25 waste. The land is in general good, and the judicious use of sea-sand and weed for manure, under an improved system of agriculture, produces abundant crops of corn and potatoes. The substratum is clay-slate; quarries of slate are worked, and, as the produce is of a superior quality and held in good repute, are in full operation: some of the inhabitants are engaged in fishing. The village of Ring is remarkably well situated for an extensive trade, but, except the export of slate, the only business carried on is in grain, potatoes, and flour, to facilitate which several very capacious stores have been built, connected with which is an extensive flour-mill; 5000 bushels of wheat and 1000 tons of potatoes are annually shipped. Lackenduff is the residence of J. Lucas, Esq.

The living is a rectory and vicarage, in the diocese of Ross, and in the patronage of the Bishop: the tithes amount to £200. 5. 4. The glebe comprises 11 acres, which has been much injured by the working of a slate quarry for many years. Divine service is performed in a large building at Ring, licensed by the Bishop, and well adapted for the purpose. In the R. C. divisions the parish forms part of the union or district of Clonakilty; the chapel is a large plain edifice at Darrery. The parochial school was established at Ring in 1835, and is principally supported by the incumbent; a school is aided by the parish priest; and there is a private school. The ruins of the church form a conspicuous and interesting object on a hill. In the lands of Lackenduff are the remains of an extensive heathen temple; two large stones remain standing near each other; and in an adjoining field is another still larger.

TEMPLEORAN, or FORAN, a parish, in the barony of MOYGOISH, county of WESTMEATH, and province of LEINSTER, 5 miles (N. W.) from Mullingar, on the road to Ballinacargy, and on Lough Iron, which bounds the parish on the north; containing 1298 inhabitants. This parish, which is intersected by the Royal Canal, comprises 5498 statute acres of excellent land, principally under grass; there is a small quantity of bog. Sonna, for upwards of six centuries the seat of the Tuite family, is at present the residence of H. Morgan Tuite, Esq.; the house is a light and elegant building, in a well-planted demesne, situated on the bank of a picturesque lake. It is a rectory, in the diocese of Meath, entirely impropriate in Sir John B. Piers, Bart., and forming part of the union and perpetual cure of Leney: the tithes, amounting to £137. 3., are wholly payable to the impropriator. In the R. C. divisions it is the head of a union or district, called Sonna, comprising this parish and that of Kilbixy, in each of which is a chapel; that of Templeorum is at Sonna. There is a private school, in which are about 26 children. The ruins of the old church are on the lands of Templeoran, and in their vicinity are several raths.

TEMPLEOUGHTER, a parish, in the barony of UPPER GLENARM, county of ANTRIM, and province of ULSTER, adjoining the post-town of Glenarm, and on the Glenarm water: the population is returned with the parish of Ticmacrevan, by which this parish is entirely enclosed; nearly two-thirds of it are barren mountain. It is ecclesiastically consolidated with Ticmacrevan, which see. A small fragment of the ancient church is still remaining on the lawn in front of the castle of Glenarm, near the principal entrance. The church of the union was built about 55 years since by act of council within the limits of this parish, and in a situation convenient for both parishes.

TEMPLEOUTRAGH, or UPPER CHURCH, a parish, in the barony of KILNEMANAGH, county of TIPPERARY, and province of MUNSTER, 5 miles (S. E.) from Burris-o'-leagh, on the road from Newport to Thurles; containing 2635 inhabitants, and comprising 1285 statute acres, as applotted under the tithe act. It is in the diocese of Cashel; the rectory is impropriate in the Marquess of Ormonde, and the vicarage is appropriate to the Archbishop's mensal: the tithes amount to £202. 10. In the R. C. divisions it is the head of a union or district, called Upperchurch, comprising this parish and that of Moyaliffe, in each of which is a chapel: that of Templeoutragh is a large building. There are five private schools, in which are about 300 children. Some remains of the old church exist.

TEMPLEPATRICK, a parish, partly in the barony of LOWER, but chiefly in that of UPPER, BELFAST, county of ANTRIM, and province of ULSTER, 4 miles (E. by S.) from Antrim, on the road from Belfast to Londonderry; containing 4217 inhabitants, of which number, 314 are in the village. This place is said to have derived its name from a preceptory of Knights Templars established here at a very early period, but of its foundation or its history nothing is recorded. The parish, in form nearly triangular, comprising also within its limits the ancient parishes of Carn Graney or Grame, Ballyrobert, and Umgall, was granted, in the reign of Jas. I., to Sir Arthur Chichester, and afterwards regranted to Roger Norton. At the hamlet of Dunadry, or Dunetherg, "the Middle Fortress," one mile from Templepatrick, a sharp action took place in 1648 between the English and Scotch forces, in which the celebrated Owen O'Conolly, who commanded the former, was mortally wounded. The parish comprises, according to the Ordnance survey, 13,261 1/2 statute acres, a considerable portion of which is mountain land, though affording good pasturage for sheep; there is but a small tract of bog, scarcely yielding sufficient fuel for the use of the inhabitants. The system of agriculture is beginning to improve under the auspices of Lord Templetown, the proprietor, who has subdivided the larger townlands, increased the size of the farms, drained and brought into cultivation great quantities of waste land, laid out the whole valley from the castle to the Six-mile-water as lawn and pasture ground, upon which large numbers of cattle are fed, planted a great number of trees and whitethorn hedges, and made many other improvements. Near the village is the venerable mansion of Castle Upton, formerly called Norton Castle, after Sir Robert Norton, by whom it was founded in the reign of Elizabeth, and now the seat of Viscount. Templetown: it occupies the site of the ancient preceptory, and is in the castellated style of architecture; it is at present being restored from the partial dilapidations it had suffered from time to time. The weaving of linen and calico, and the making of hosiery are carried on in several of the farmhouses; and in and near the village are extensive lime-works, supplied with limestone raised on the spot; there are also numerous quarries of basaltic stone, which is obtained in abundance. Though there are no fairs in the parish, two of the largest in the county are held on its borders, one at Park Gate, a mile to the north, and the other at Oldstone, two miles to the west. This parish appears to have been one of the earliest Presbyterian settlements in Ireland; on the introduction of a Scottish colony into Ulster, Josias Welsh, grandson of the Scottish reformer, John Knox, is said to have obtained possession of the church, from which he was ejected in 1631 by the bishop of Down and Connor, for nonconformity; he was, however, reinstated by Archbishop Ussher, and died in 1634.

The living is a vicarage, in the diocese of Connor, and in the patronage of the Marquess of Donegal, in whom the rectory is impropriate: the tithes amount to £365, of which £70 is payable to the impropriator, and the remainder to the vicar. There was no church from the time of the Reformation till the year 1827, when the present church, a small edifice with a tower at the west end, was erected on an elevated site, at an expense of £830 British, a gift from the late Board of First Fruits. There are three places of worship for Presbyterians, one in connection with the Synod of Ulster, of the third class, one with the Remonstrant Synod, of the second class, and one with the Seceding Synod. There are four national schools, situated at Lyle Hill, Ballypaliday, Ballintoag, and Molusk; and a school at Carn Graney, founded in 1811 by the trustees of Erasmus Smith's charity, and partly supported by them and partly by the Hon. Col. Pakenham, in which five schools are about 230 children; and five private schools, in which about 190 children are taught. Of the ancient preceptory nothing remains except what is included within the walls of Castle Upton (the crypt under which is in a perfect state, and the finely-groined roof in good preservation), and the cemetery of the ancient temple church, in which are the tomb of the Rev. Josias Welsh, and the mausoleum of the Templetown family. In a field at a short distance from the mail road to Antrim is Cairn Graine, a remarkably fine monument of antiquity: it consists of ten large tabular stones, supported on upright pillars in the manner of a cromlech, but ranged in a straight line of 41 feet in length in a direction from north-east to south-west; the stone at the north-eastern extremity is rather low, and every succeeding one increases in elevation towards the southwestern extremity, where the tabular stone is of very large dimensions and supported on five upright pillars. Various conjectures have been entertained as to the origin of this interesting relic; the name literally implies "the Heap of the Sun." Not far from this heap is one of the mounds or forts so frequently found in this country; it appears to have been very extensive and of great elevation, but has been much diminished and disfigured by the removal of the sand, of which, intermixed with common field stones, it was originally formed. Near Dunadry is a very perfect circle of large stones, and there are several other raths in the parish. This place gives the titles of Viscount and Baron Templetown to the Upton family.

TEMPLEPATRICK, county of WESTMEATH.--See MOYVORE.

TEMPLEPETER, a parish, in the barony of FORTH, county of CARLOW, and province of LEINSTER, 5 miles (S. E. by S.) from Carlow, on the road to Fennagh, and on the river Burren; containing 349 inhabitants. Granite is plentiful, and the state of agriculture is improving. The living is a rectory, in the diocese of Leighlin, and in the patronage of the Bishop: the tithes amount to £64. 10. The Protestant inhabitants attend divine service in the parish church of Dunleckney. In the R. C. divisions it is part of the union or district of Dunleckney. There is a private school, in which about 100 children are instructed. The ruins of the old church remain.

TEMPLEPORT, a parish, in the barony of TULLAGHAGH, county of CAVAN, and province of ULSTER, 7 1/2 miles (N. W.) from Killeshandra, on the road from Ballyconnel to Swanlinbar; containing 10,758 inhabitants. This parish, which is situated on the confines of the county of Leitrim, comprises, according to the Ordnance survey, 42,172 statute acres, of which 1532 3/4 are water, and 25,767 are applotted under the tithe act. It contains not less than eight lakes: in the lake of Templeport is an island called Inch, on which are the picturesque ruins of an abbey founded by St. Maedoc, or Maodhoy, in the 6th century: attached to it is a cemetery still used as a burial-place. At Kilnavat are also the remains of an ancient monastery, of which there are no particulars on record, with an extensive burial-place still in use. The principal seats are Brack-ley Lodge, the residence of J. Finlay, Esq.; Corville, of G. Finlay, Esq.; and Lisnover, of J. Roycroft, Esq. Fairs are held at Ballymacgauran on May 23rd. Aug. 12th, and Nov. 23rd, which last is noted for fat cattle.

The living is a rectory and vicarage, in the diocese of Kilmore, and in the patronage of the Bishop; it was formerly united to the vicarage of Drumreilly, from which it was separated in 1835, on the decease of the late Dr. Bushe, by act of council, on the recommendation of the Pluralities' Commissioners. The tithes amount to £276. 18. 5 1/2.; the glebe-house was built in 1775, at an expense of £1165. 4. 10.; there are two glebes, one of 58 acres, valued at £193 per annum; the other, formerly belonging to the parish of Drumreilly, comprising 171 acres, valued at £195. The church, a very neat edifice, beautifully situated on the margin of the lake, and for the repairs of which the Ecclesiastical Commissioners have recently granted £120, was erected in 1815, for which purpose the late Board of First Fruits granted a loan of £1500. The R. C. parish is co-extensive with that of the Established Church, and is divided into Upper and Lower Templeport; in the former are three chapels, and in the latter one. About 360 children are taught in four public schools, and there are ten private schools, in which are 520 children.

TEMPLEQUINLAN, a parish, partly in the Eastern Division of the barony of EAST CARBERY, but chiefly in the barony of IBANE and BARRYROE, county of CORK, and province of MUNSTER, 3 miles (E.) from Clonakilty, on the road to Timoleague and on the Arigadeen river; containing 1042 inhabitants. It comprises 2188 statute acres, as applotted under the tithe act, and valued at £1614 per annum: the land is generally good; the soil, though light, being very productive, but agriculture as a system is altogether unknown. The old heavy wooden plough is still used, and much of the land is still cultivated by spade labour. The weaving of coarse linen cloth is carried on in the parish. At Ballinaroher are large mills, propelled by the waters of the Arigadeen, the property of J. Hayes, Esq., where 6000 barrels of flour are annually ground and chiefly shipped for England. Here are several large and very neat houses, the principal of which is Castleview, the residence of J. Hayes, Esq. The living is a vicarage, in the diocese of Ross, and in the patronage of the Bishop; the rectory is impropriate in the Duke of Devonshire. The tithes amount to £58, payable to the incumbent. Divine service is regularly performed in the school-house. In the R. C. divisions the parish forms part of the union or district of Clonakilty. The remains of the old church stand on a gentle eminence, and the burial-place is still used by persons from a considerable distance; in it are the vaults of the Allen family, to whom some extensive tracts of land were granted by Cromwell in 1658. The extensive ruins of Ballinaroher castle are situated on the south bank of the river; it appears to have been erected to protect the old ford here, which was the only pass between Bandon and the entire south-western part of this country. Here was formerly a good family residence of the McCarthys.

TEMPLEREE, county of TIPPERARY.--See TEMPLE-ERRY.

TEMPLEROAN, also called SHANBALLYMORE, a parish, in the barony of FERMOY, county of CORK, and province of MUNSTER, 2 1/2 miles (E.) from Doneraile, on the road from Mallow to Mitchelstown; containing 1788 inhabitants. It is situated on the river Awbeg, by which it is bounded on the south-west, and comprises 3745 statute acres, as applotted under the tithe act, and valued at £2965 per annum. The land is of medium quality and chiefly under tillage, and the system of agriculture has of late years been much improved, the gentry having adopted the drill system, which example the smaller farmers are gradually imitating. On Graig mountain are about 450 acres of reclaimable land, at present affording coarse pasturage; limestone abounds and is quarried both for building and agricultural purposes; and at Graig are some indications of coal. The river Awbeg, the scenery of which is very interesting, is at Ballynamona crossed by a neat bridge: a large flour-mill, the property of R. Welstead, Esq., is propelled by this river, and is capable of producing annually about 12,000 barrels of flour. The seats are Graig, the residence of James Hill, Esq., beautifully situated on a gentle declivity in the midst of an extensive and highly improved demesne; Shanbally, of Watkins Roberts, Esq.; Old Town, of Rear-Admiral Henry Evans, in a retired situation on the north-eastern bank of the river; Clogher, of G. Bond Low, Esq.; and Ballynamona, the ancient family residence of Garret Nagle, Esq., about to be rebuilt. The manor of Doneraile extends over the townland of Ballynamona, where a court is occasionally held for the recovery of small debts. The living is a rectory, in the diocese of Cloyne, united by act of council to the perpetual curacy of Doneraile, and in the gift of the Bishop. The tithes amount to £350, and the incumbent, as curate of Doneraile, receives from the impropriator of that parish a stipend of £13. 6. 8., late currency. The church of the union is in the town of Doneraile. In the R. C. divisions also the parish forms part of the union or district of Doneraile; the chapel at Shanballymore is a plain cruciform building About 140 children are educated in two private schools. On the Clogher estate, which once belonged to the celebrated Edmund Burke, was an ancient and strongly fortified castle, called Shanogh, of which some vestiges of the foundations may still be traced; and attached to the mansion of Ballynamona is the venerable ruined castle of that name, said to have been originally built by the Nagle family in the reign of King John; it now consists chiefly of a square tower, richly mantled with ivy, and forming an extremely interesting object: of the castle of Shanballymore not a vestige now exists. In the burial-ground are the ivied ruins of the ancient church: it has been for centuries the burial-place of the Nagle family.

TEMPLEROBIN, county of CORK.--See GREAT ISLAND.

TEMPLESCOBIN, a parish, in the barony of BANTRY, county of WEXFORD, and province of LEINSTER, 1 1/2 mile (W. by S.) from Enniscorthy, on the road to New Ross; containing 405 inhabitants, This parish, which is bounded on the north by the river Urrin, comprises 1490 statute acres, chiefly under tillage; the soil is in some parts shingly, and in others loamy and inclining to a yellowish clay; the state of agriculture is improving, and there is but a very small portion of bog or waste land. Good stone of an argillaceous slaty kind is quarried for building; and at Clohass the manufacture of coarse pottery ware and tiles is carried on to some extent. The seats are Dunsinane, the residence of J. B. Graves, Esq.; Verona, of John Furlong, Esq.,M.D.; and Clohass, of Mrs. Ball. In 1806 the townlands of Clohass and Scobin were separated from the parish of Rossdroit and constituted a distinct parish, under the name of Templescobin: the living is a rectory, in the diocese of Ferns, and in the patronage of the Bishop; the tithes amount to £135. The church is a small neat edifice, in the later English style, with a handsome square tower surmounted by angular turrets; it was completed in 1817 by aid of a gift of £800 from the late Board of First Fruits, and the Ecclesiastical Commissioners have lately granted £158 for its repair. In the R. C. divisions the parish is within the union or district of Davidstown. About 80 children are educated during the summer months in two private schools; and a school and asylum for Protestant orphan children is about to be established under the patronage of R. W. Phaire, Esq., of Killoughram.

TEMPLESHANBO, a parish, in the barony of SCARAWALSH, county of WEXFORD, and province of LEINSTER, 6 miles (N. W.) from Enniscorthy, on the road by Scollagh Gap to Carlow; containing 4196 inhabitants. This parish, which is hounded on the northeast by the river Slaney and on the west by Mount Leinster, is by far the largest in the county, comprising 72 townlands, extending over an area of 34,744 statute acres, exclusive of three townlands of which the tithes are allotted for the support of the perpetual curate of Monart, the ecclesiastical district of which comprises a large portion of this parish. The surface is boldly undulated in every part, and on the borders of the county of Carlow rises into a chain of mountains, of which the most remarkable is Mount Leinster. About one-seventh of the entire surface consists of mountain, and the whole of the remainder of arable or pasture land, but chiefly of the former; the soil varies from a light shingly character to a stiff clay. Limestone gravel is found on the banks of the Slaney, and marl in various places; both are used for manure, and the state of agriculture is gradually improving. At the foot of Mount Leinster, is an extensive bog, from which the surrounding country is supplied with fuel; on the side of the mountain, granite of a superior quality is procured in great abundance and used for building; there are also some quarries of good slate. Fairs are held at Mockhurry, or Mohurry, on June 2nd and Oct. 26th; and at Whelagore on Nov. 7th. Among the seats are Killoughram Forest, the residence of R. W. Phaire, Esq., which derives its name from an extensive plantation of oaks, comprising about 1200 statute acres; Ballychrystal, of Thos. James, Esq., romantically situated on the mountainous confines of the county of Carlow; and Templeshanbo Glebe, of the Rev. H. Preston Elrington, precentor of Ferns, in a retired and wild situation near Mount Leinster: several other seats are noticed under the head of Monart, which see.

The living is a rectory and vicarage, in the diocese of Ferns, consolidated in 1724, and constituting the corps of the precentorship in the cathedral of Ferns, and in the patronage of the Bishop: the tithes amount to £1200, and there is a glebe of 26 acres: the glebe-house is a handsome mansion, erected in 1828. The church, a neat edifice in the later English style, with an embattled tower crowned with crocketed pinnacles, was built in 1815, at an expense of £1150, of which £1000 was a loan from the late Board of First Fruits; it was enlarged in 1826, by aid of a loan of £300 from the same Board, and the Ecclesiastical Commissioners have lately granted £352 for its further improvement. In the R. C. divisions the parish is partly in the district of Newtownbarry, but chiefly in that of Ballindaggin; and contains six chapels, of which those of Marshalstown and Castledockril are in the former, and those of Ballindaggin, Cairn, Newtown, and Kiltealy, in the latter district. A school on Erasmus Smith's foundation was established in 1815, when a school-house was built by the trustees, and, in 1829, a wing containing a school-room for girls was added by the rector, who, in conjunction with the governors of the Foundling Hospital, and the London Ladies' Hibernian, Society, supports this division of the school: about 70 children are here educated; and about 350 children are taught during the summer in eight private schools. The lands of Whelagore are charged with the payment of £10 (late currency) per annum to the poor of the parish. According to Ware, a convent of the order of St. Augustine was founded at Seanbotha, of which Colman O'Fiachrah was patron in the 6th century; in the churchyard are the remains of a religious house.

TEMPLESHANNON, a parish, in the barony of BALLAGHKEEN, county of WEXFORD, and province of LEINSTER; containing, with a part of the town of Enniscorthy, 2743 inhabitants. It is situated on the eastern bank of the river Slaney, along which it extends in a north-eastern direction about two miles from the town, with the main body of which latter it is connected by the bridge; it is bounded on the north and east by the small river Blackwater, and within its limits is the mount called Vinegar Hill, one of the principal stations of the insurgents during the disturbances of 1798. (See ENNISCORTHY.) It comprises 4900 statute acres, applotted under the tithe act, chiefly in tillage, but there is a good deal of pasture on the sides of Vinegar Hill; the soil is good, and the state of agriculture improving. Good building stone is found at Clonhaston and Drumgoold, and a few years since some fine specimens of plumbago were discovered at Grenville. At the foot of Vinegar Hill is "Shiell's Well," so remarkable for the purity of its water as to have obtained the designation of the "liquid diamond:" from this source the inhabitants of the town are about to be supplied by pipes laid along the bridge, and conducted to several public conduits. The projected canal from Pooldarragh to Enniscorthy will pass through the southern part of the parish. There is a brewery in the suburbs of the town, and another at Drumgoold about half a mile distant. The parish is in the diocese of Ferns, and is a rectory, forming part of the union of St. Mary's, Enniscorthy; the tithes amount to £470. 2. 3., and there is a glebe of 23 acres: the glebe-house, and the school on Erasmus Smith's foundation, built on the glebe, are noticed under the head of Enniscorthy. In the R. C. divisions also it is partly in the district of Enniscorthy; the remainder is in that of Monageer. There is a meeting-house for the Society of Friends near the North quay. About 120 children are educated in the public and private schools of this parish. According to Colgan, the ancient church, now in ruins, was founded by St. Senan, a cotemporary of Maidoc, bishop of Ferns. At Moatabeg, on the border of the parish, is a tumulus of great antiquity, and in a very perfect state; it is supposed to have been constructed at a period prior to the irruptions of the Danes.

TEMPLETENNY, a parish, in the barony of IFFA and OFFA WEST, county of TIPPERARY, and province of MUNSTER, 4 miles (S. W.) from Clogheen, on the road from Ballyporeen to Mitchelstown; containing 3786 inhabitants. It comprises 9720 statute acres, of which about 240 are woodland, 3800 waste and bog, and the remainder arable and pasture. The surface is mountainous; the lower lands are of good quality, and in a state of profitable cultivation; limestone is abundant, and is quarried for agricultural purposes. The surrounding scenery is boldly varied, and there are two woods of considerable extent, the property of Lord Kingston. It is a vicarage, in the diocese of Lismore, forming part of the union of Shanrahan; the rectory is impropriate in Caesar Sutton, Esq. The tithes amount to £594. 12. 3., of which £410 is payable to the impropriator, and £184. 12. 3. to the vicar. The church, a neat edifice recently erected, is situated in the village of Ballyporeen; there are some remains of the old church, the burial-place of which is still used. The R. C. parish is co-extensive with that of the Established Church, and is called Ballyporeen, where the chapel is situated.

On the townland of Coolagarranroe, near the road from Mitchelstown to Cahir, about six miles from the former and seven from the latter place, are the Kingston caverns, which, though in this parish, are sometimes called the Mitchelstown caverns, from parties visiting them usually making that town their head-quarters. These extraordinary and magnificent caverns were first discovered in 1833, while quarrying the limestone hill, on the farm of a tenant of Lord Kingsborough, named Gorman, to whom his lordship confided the charge of preserving them from injury, and of acting as guide. The entrance is from the quarry by a slanting passage, 50 feet long, terminating at the edge of a precipice, from which is a descent of 20 feet by a ladder to a second sloping passage, 100 feet in length, and greatly obstructed by scattered masses of rugged rock, which leads into an area about 70 or 80 feet in diameter, and 30 feet high. From this are various galleries or passages leading into other chambers of various dimensions, of which at present 15 have been explored; of these, the principal are called the House of Commons, the House of Peers, O'Leary's Cave, O'Callaghan's Cave, Kingsborough Hall, the Altar Cave, the Closets, the Cellar, and the Garret. The stalactites depending from the roof of several of these caverns are exceedingly beautiful, assuming every variety of form and every gradation of colour; in some places uniting with the stalagmites rising from the floors, and forming beautiful columns of spar, and in others spreading into thin transparent surfaces, resembling elegant drapery tastefully disposed in the most graceful folds. In some of the chambers the stalagmites rise in the form of massive pyramids, ornamented at the base with successive tiers of crystallizations of the most fanciful forms; and in others in columns resembling those of the Giants' Causeway. In several places are small pools of limpid water between large masses of rock. The extent of the cavern, including the various chambers, is from 700 to 800 feet in length, and about 570 in breadth: and the depression of the lowest chamber beneath the level of the entrance, about 50 feet; the limestone hill in which it is situated has an elevation of 100 feet above the level of the road.

TEMPLETHAY, TEMPLETHIRY, or TEMPLE ETNY, a parish, in the barony of IFFA and OFFA EAST, county of TIPPERARY, and province of MUNSTER, 4 1/2 miles (N. by E.) from Clonmel; containing 1437 inhabitants. This parish comprises 2375 statute acres, as applotted under the tithe act. It is a vicarage, in the diocese of Lismore, forming part of the union of Kilcash; the rectory is impropriate in the Marquess of Ormonde. The tithes amount to £216. 18. 4., of which £119. 19. 11. is payable to the impropriator, and the remainder to the vicar. About 150 children are taught in a public school, for which a spacious and handsome building was erected at an expense of £1500, of which £1100 was contributed by the Marquess of Ormonde; and there are three private schools.

TEMPLETOGHER, a parish, in the barony of HALF-BALLYMOE, county of GALWAY, and province of CONNAUGHT, 5 miles (W.) from Ballymoe; containing 4871 inhabitants. It is situated on the confines of the counties of Mayo and Roscommon, and comprises 9222 statute acres, as applotted under the tithe act, the greater part of which consists of reclaimable bog and mountain; within its limits are about 20 acres of woodland, some quarries of good limestone, and a fine trout stream, which propels two oatmeal-mills. A market for corn is held on Tuesday at Kelmalag, where also fairs are held on Easter-Monday and Whit-Monday; and petty sessions are held weekly at Williamstown, where, and also at Kelmalag, is a station of the constabulary police; at Williamstown is a comfortable hotel. The seats are Beahagh, the residence of Chas. Roe, Esq.; Gurtane, of Patrick O'Beirne, Esq.; and Springfield, of Wm. McDermott, Esq., which is beautifully planted. The parish is in the diocese of Tuam, and is a rectory and vicarage, forming part of the union of Kiltullagh: the tithes amount to £120. In the R. C. divisions it is part of the union or district of Boyanagh, also called Glanamada: there are chapels at Kelmalag and Williamstown; the site for the latter, and £50 towards its erection; were given by Wm. McDermott, Esq., who also gave a site for, and £10 towards building a national school; and six acres of land for the use of the parish priest, on which a neat dwelling-house has been erected. About 190 children are at present educated in three private schools. Near Springfield is a spring impregnated with sulphur.

TEMPLETOUHY, a parish, in the barony of IKERRIN, county of TIPPERARY, and province of MUNSTER, 4 miles (E. S. E.) from Templemore, on the road by Johnstown to Kilkenny; containing 2653 inhabitants, of which number, 602 are in the village. This parish, which is separated from the parish of Callabeg by a small stream which also separates the baronies of Ikerrin and Eliogarty, comprises 6193 statute acres, as applotted under the tithe act. The land is generally of good quality, and principally under tillage; there is a large portion of bog, which might be very easily reclaimed. The principal seats are Cranagh, the property of J. Lloyd, Esq., but now in the occupation of the Rev. M. N. Thompson, a handsome mansion attached to a circular tower in the rear, the remains of a very ancient castle; and Long Orchard, the residence of Richard Lalor Sheil, Esq. The village has lately been much improved, and several new houses have been built; a penny post has been established; nine monthly fairs are held in the year, chiefly for the sale of pigs; and a constabulary police force has been stationed there. The living is a rectory, in the diocese of Cashel, united to the rectory and vicarage of Callabeg, together forming the corps of the prebend of Kilbragh, in the cathedral of Cashel, and in the patronage of the Archbishop. The tithes amount to £501. 10.; the glebe comprises 13 3/4 acres, and the gross value of the benefice is £749. 10. 9 1/4. per. annum. The church is situated in the village. In the R. C. divisions the parish forms part of the union or district of Moyne; the chapel, a neat building, is situated in the village. About 340 children are taught in four public schools, of which the parochial school is supported by the rector; and there is a dispensary. There are remains of several old castles in the parish.

TEMPLETOWN, or KILCLOGHAN, a parish, in the barony of SHELBURNE, county of WEXFORD, and province of LEINSTER, 2 miles (S. W.) from Fethard, near the road from that place to New Ross by Duncannon Fort; containing 1387 inhabitants, of which number, 50 are in the village. The place probably derived its name from a preceptory of Knights Templars founded here in the reign of King John by one of the O'More family, and on the suppression of that order in the reign of Edw. II., converted into a commandery of Knights Hospitallers, of which, in 1326, Fitz David was the chief. The parish comprises 3267 statute acres, chiefly under tillage; the soil is loamy, and the state of agriculture has within the last few years been much improved. The principal residence is Ballystraw, that of J. R. Allen, Esq., a neat villa pleasantly situated. It is an impropriate curacy, in the diocese of Ferns, forming part of the union of Hook: the rectory is impropriate in the Marquess of Ely, to whom the tithes, amounting to £123. 17. 1., are wholly payable. The church is a neat modern edifice, connected by a corridor with the tower of Templetown, the only remains of the ancient church of the Templars, in conformity with which it is in the early English style. In the R. C. divisions also the parish is in the union or district of Hook; there is a neat chapel at Templetown, to which a school of about 100 children is attached: a Sunday school is superintended by the Protestant clergyman. Besides the remains of the Templars' church, there are also those of the old castle of Kilcloghan, supposed to be of equal antiquity.

TEMPLETRINE, a parish, partly in the Western Division of the barony of EAST CARBERY, but chiefly in the barony of COURCEYS, county of CORK, and province of MUNSTER, 4 miles (W. S. W.) from Kinsale; containing 2180 inhabitants. This parish, which is situated on the southern coast, on the western side of the old Head of Kinsale, and near the entrance to the bay of Kilbrittain, comprises 4519 statute acres, as applotted under the tithe act. In the western part are three tracts of land, called Boggestown, Rochestown, and Hacketstown, containing respectively 100, 200, and 300 acres each; they extend in parallel directions to the sea, and were granted by Cromwell to the several parties whose names they still bear. The surface of the parish is very uneven, rising in some parts into considerable eminences; about 150 acres are woodland, 100 waste, and 50 bog, and of the remainder the principal part is under tillage. The soil is fertile, and the system of agriculture greatly improved under the auspices of the resident gentry and principal farmers, who have introduced the Scottish mode of husbandry: there are some quarries of excellent slate, which are but very indifferently worked, and also of a soft shaly schist, which is raised for repairing the roads and for inferior buildings. The principal seats are Garretstown, the residence of T. Cuthbert Kearney, Esq., a handsome house in beautiful grounds, laid out in terraces, gardens and shrubberies, with extensive plantations; Kilmore, of Miss Kearney; and Knockanroe, of A. Adams, Esq. The population are occasionally employed in the fisheries off the coast.

The living is a rectory, in the diocese of Cork, and in the patronage of T. C. Kearney, Esq.: the tithes amount to £477; the glebe-house was built in 1821, on which occasion the late Board of First Fruits contributed a gift of £100 and a loan of £825; the glebe comprises 28 acres of good land. The church, a very neat edifice in the early English style, with a square tower, situated on the summit of a hill and forming a conspicuous feature in the landscape, was erected in 1821, at an expense of £900, a gift from the late Board of First Fruits. In the R. C. divisions the parish is the head of a union or district, called also Courceys, and comprising the parishes of Templetrine, Ringrone, and Kilroan; there are two chapels in the district. The parochial schools, near the church, consist of a centre, serving as a residence for the master, and two wings used as the schoolrooms, built in 1822 partly by a grant from the Lord-Lieutenant's fund and partly by the rector, by whom they are supported; and a female school at Garretstown is supported by the Misses Cuthbert. The late Thos. Rochford, Esq., of Garretstown, bequeathed £1000 to the poor of Courceys barony, in which this parish participates in the annual distribution made according to his will. Near Garretstown is a chalybeate saline spring; and in the mansion, is preserved the collar of gold given by Queen Elizabeth to one of the Roche family, while he was Mayor of Cork, which has descended with the estate to T. C. Kearney, Esq. In the western portion of the parish are the ruins of the ancient church of Crohane, which, prior to the Reformation, belonged to the abbey of Timoleague; and between the church of this parish and Ballinspittle is a very extensive fort, with a treble rampart and intrenchments in a perfect state, where the Danes are said to have been first defeated by the Irish.

TEMPLEUDIGAN, or ST. PETER'S, a parish, in the barony of BANTRY, county of WEXFORD, and province of LEINSTER, 5 1/2 miles (N. E.) from New Ross, on the road to Newtownbarry; containing 1773 inhabitants. This parish is bounded on the west by the river Barrow, and on the north-west by the White mountain, by the former of which it is separated from the county of Kilkenny, and by the latter from that of Carlow: it comprises 6611 statute acres, chiefly under tillage, and the state of agriculture has been latterly improved. The surface is generally uneven, and on the confines of Carlow rises into the commencement of a chain of mountains which for about 12 miles forms the boundary between that county and Wexford: the surrounding district is wild and rugged. In the northeastern part of the parish is Coolbawn, the seat of Fras. Bruen, Esq., a splendid mansion in the later English style, erected a few years since after a design by Fred. Darley, Jun., Esq.; it is finished with fine white granite procured on the neighbouring mountains, and forms a striking feature in the surrounding scenery. At Ballywilliam is a station of the constabulary police. The living is a perpetual curacy, in the diocese of Ferns, endowed with the vicarial tithes, and in the patronage of the Incumbent of the union of New Ross, of which this parish was formerly a part; for the performance of clerical duties it is united to the parish of Clonleigh, which still forms part of that benefice: the rectory is impropriate in Eneas McDonnell, Esq., Edw. Lewis, Esq., and Dr. O'Reardon. The tithes amount to £392. 17. 5 1/2., of which £188. 12. 8. is payable in equal portions to the impropriators and the remainder to the curate. Subsequently to the year 1821, when the perpetual curacy was formed, the late Board of First Fruits gave £225, and lent £37, towards the erection of a glebe-house, which, however, has not yet been built. The church, a small plain edifice, was commenced in 1808, when the same Board gave £600 for its erection, and the Ecclesiastical Commissioners have lately granted £308 for its repair and improvement. In the R. C. divisions the parish forms part of the union or district of Killegney, and contains a neat chapel. About 30 children are educated in a private school. On White mountain, near the border of the parish, there is an ancient cairn or cromlech.

TEMPLEUSQUE, a parish, in the barony of BARRYMORE, county of CORK, and province of MUNSTER, 5 1/4 miles (N.) from Cork, on the road to Dublin; containing 1289 inhabitants. This parish, which is intersected by the river Glanmire, comprises 4526 statute acres, as applotted under the tithe act, and valued at £3776 per annum. The surface is hilly, and the soil light and shallow, under which is a brown unprofitable clay; yet by good management and the use of sea sand as manure, the crops equal those of better lands. The land is principally under tillage, and there are some dairy farms of about 20 cows each, which supply butter for the Cork market. The system of agriculture is in general defective on the smaller farms; but great improvement has been made on the lands of Mr. Cremen, who has practised irrigation with success and embellished the lands in his immediate vicinity with thriving plantations. The principal seats are Riverstown, the handsome seat of Jemmett Browne, Esq., formerly the residence of the celebrated Peter Browne and also of Dr. Jemmett Browne, Bishops of Cork; Sarsfield, an ancient mansion, formerly belonging to that family but now to Mr. Rutland, of Dublin, commanding an extensive and beautiful view down the vale of Glanmire and the opposite bank of the river Lee; and Woodview, the residence of J. Cremen, Esq., who by his active and judicious improvements has contributed greatly to promote a better system of agriculture. Within the limits of the parish are the Sallybrook paper-mills, the property of James Hodnet, Esq., at present employing about 30, and when in full work 70, persons. The Riverstown woollen manufacture is capable of affording employment to nearly 200 persons, though at present, very few are engaged; there are also some extensive bleach-greens and spinning-mills. The living is a rectory, in the diocese of Cork, forming part of the union and corps of the prebend of Killaspigmullane in the cathedral of St. Finbarr, Cork, and in the patronage of the Bishop: the tithes amount to £300. The Protestant parishioners attend Divine Service at the church of Ballydelahor. In the R. C. divisions the parish forms part of the union or district of Glanmire. About 50 children are taught in the parochial school, which is chiefly supported by the rector. Nearly adjoining the Dublin road are the ruins of a very ancient castle; and about two miles distant are those of the old parish church.

TEMPO, a post-town, in that part of the parish of ENNISKILLEN which is in the barony of TYRKENNEDY, county of FERMANAGH, and province of ULSTER, 6 miles (E. N. E.) from Enniskillen, on the road to Five-mile-town, and 86 1/2 miles (E. N. E.) from Dublin; containing 335 inhabitants. It is a station of the constabulary police, has a market on Wednesday for butter, and a fair on the 28th of each month. Here is a chapel of ease to the parochial church at Enniskillen; also the R. C. chapel giving name to the district, which comprises the greater part of the parish of Enniskillen, and three townlands of Aughavea; it is a neat structure, erected in 1826. A meeting-house for Wesleyan Methodists has been recently completed; and a dispensary is about to be established.

TERELA.--See TYRELLA.

TERMONAMUNGAN, a parish, in the barony of OMAGH, county of TYRONE, and province of ULSTER, 11 miles (S. W.) from Strabane, on the road from Pettigoe to Newtownstewart; containing 7253 inhabitants. This parish, which is situated on the river Derg, and bounded on the south by the Longfield mountains, comprises, according to the Ordnance survey, 45,399 statute acres, of which 288 are water, and 28,435 are applotted under the tithe act. The surface is mountainous and interspersed with several small lakes; not more than one-fourth of the land is in cultivation, but the mountains afford good pasturage for cattle. Limestone, freestone, whinstone and grauwacke are found in the valleys, and in some parts are indications of coal. The scenery is beautifully diversified; but the whole parish is deeply secluded, and there are but few gentlemen's seats: the principal are Derg Lodge, the residence of Sir R. A. Ferguson, Bart.; Lisnacloon, of J. Anderson, Esq.; and Woodside, of the Rev. George Nesbit, the rector. Several new lines of road have been opened, and others are in progress, which will greatly improve the district. Fairs are held in the small village of Killeter, on the 21st of May, July, September, and Nov.; and a constabulary police force is stationed there. The living is a rectory, in the diocese of Derry, and in the patronage of the Bishop: the tithes amount to £438. 9., and the glebe comprises 20 acres, valued at £10 per annum. The church, for the erection of which the late Board of First Fruits granted a loan of £600, is a neat small edifice with a bell turret; it was built in 1822 on a site near the village, and on the south bank of the river Derg. The R. C. parish is co-extensive with that of the Established Church; the chapel is at Aughryarn, and there is also an altar in the open air. There is a place of worship for Presbyterians in connection with the Synod of Ulster. About 400 children are taught in six public schools; and there are three private schools, in which are 130 children, and two Sunday schools.

TERMONEENY, a parish, in the barony of LOUGHINSHOLIN, county of LONDONDERRY, and province of ULSTER, near the post-town of Maghera; containing 2551 inhabitants. This parish, which is bounded on the north by the river Moyola, comprises, according to the Ordnance survey, 4773 statute acres, of which about 40 acres are in plantations, and 1000 bog; the remainder is principally arable, with a moderate proportion of pasture. The land varies greatly in quality; around the old church of Mullach it is extremely fertile, producing abundant crops; but in the neighbourhood of Knockleighrim, high, rocky, and unproductive. The substratum is principally basalt, and many of the rocks of that formation rise abruptly above the surface, especially Knockleighrim, a bold and almost detached rock of basalt, which rises to a considerable height and is difficult of access, except on the east, to which its whole surface inclines; it has some indications of the columnar formation, and is a conspicuous object from every part of the barony. The principal seats are Clover Hill, the residence of R. Forrester, Esq.; and Brough, of D. Cunningham, Esq.; there are also many good houses in the parish. The inhabitants are partly engaged in weaving linen, and also calico for the Belfast manufacturers; there is a large bleach-green at Brough, where about 8000 pieces of linen are bleached and finished annually. Four townlands of the parish belong to the see of Derry, and are in the manor of Maghera; the remaining five belong to the Vintners' Company, of London, and are in the manor of Bellaghy. The living is a rectory, in the diocese of Derry, and in the patronage of the Bishop: the tithes amount to £220. The glebe-house was built in 1822, at an expense of £433. 6. 11., defrayed by the then incumbent; the glebe comprises 290 acres, valued at £158 per annum. The church was erected in 1801, on which occasion the late Board of First Fruits contributed a gift of £554 British. In the R. C. divisions the parish is partly in the union of Maghera, and partly a district of itself: there is a chapel at Lammy, without its limits. A place of worship is alternately occupied on Sundays by Covenanters and Seceders. About 200 children are taught in two public schools, of which the parochial school is partly supported by the rector; and there is a private school, in which are about 90 children.

TERMONFECHAN, or TERFECHAN, a parish, in the barony of FERRARD, county of LOUTH, and province of LEINSTER, 3 1/2 miles (N. E.) from Drogheda; containing 3393 inhabitants. This place is of very remote antiquity: the village, though at present comparatively insignificant, was formerly a town of considerable importance. A monastery was founded here in 665, of which nothing more is recorded than the death of one of its abbots in 935; and a convent for regular nuns was founded and dedicated to the Blessed Virgin by McMahon, whose endowment of it was confirmed by a bull of Pope Celestin III., in 1195. The manor anciently belonged to the see of Armagh, and the Archbishops formerly resided here for three months of the year in a palace of which the remains till very recently formed an interesting feature in the village. Primate Dowdall was interred here in 1543, and the last of those prelates that resided in the palace was the celebrated Archbishop Ussher, who died in 1612. The parish, which is situated on the eastern coast, and bounded at its southern extremity by the river Boyne, which there discharges itself into the sea, comprises, according to the Ordnance survey, 6382 statute acres, of which about 300 acres, lying immediately along the sea shore, are unprofitable land, and the remainder principally under tillage and in a state of profitable cultivation. The system of agriculture is progressively improving. There are some good quarries, from which stone is procured for building and repairing the roads. The principal seats are Cartown, the residence of H. Chester, Esq., built in 1612; Newtown, of J. McClintock, Esq.; Black Hall, of G. Pent-land, Esq.; Rath House, of Mrs. Brabazon; and Ballydonell, of C. Brabazon, Esq. The village of Termonfechan, which has a penny post to Drogheda, was partly rebuilt and greatly improved by the late Mr. Brabazon, of Rath House; it now contains 89 houses, most of which are very neatly built; a constabulary police force is stationed there, and petty sessions are held every Thursday.

The living is a rectory and vicarage, in the diocese of Armagh, united from time immemorial to the rectories and vicarages of Clogher and Maine, and in the patronage of the Crown: the tithes amount to £432. The glebe-house was built in 1814, at an expense of £1685 British, of which £100 was a gift, and £725 Irish currency a loan, from the late Board of First Fruits, and the remainder was defrayed by the then incumbent. The glebe comprises 21 acres, valued at £45. 18. 2. per ann., of which 20 acres are subject to a rent of £1. 10. 4. per acre; and there is also a glebe of 65 acres in the parish of Maine, valued at £9. 16. 10.: the gross value of the benefice, tithes and glebe included, is £675. 16. 10 1/2. The church, to the repair of which the Ecclesiastical Commissioners have recently granted £152, is a neat plain edifice, partly rebuilt in 1792 at the expense of the parish. In the churchyard is a handsome stone cross, also a tombstone, dated 1504, inscribed to the memory of Jolien De Pelacio, subdean of Armagh. In the R. C. divisions the parish is the head of a union or district, comprising also the parish of Beaulieu, and parts of the parishes of Ballymakenny and Drumshallon; there are two chapels, one in the village, and one at Sandpit, both small buildings. About 120 children are taught in two public schools, of which the parochial school is supported by the rector; and there are two private schools, in which are about 80 children. In a field at a short distance from the town is a massive square tower; there were also several small castles in the vicinity; about two miles from the town is a square tower, all that now remains of Glass-Pistol, a castle formerly belonging to Sir Anthony Brabazon, Bart. This place was the residence of Dr. Oliver Plunket, R. C. Archbishop of Armagh, who was executed for treason.

TERMONMAGUIRK, or TARMON-McGUIRK, a parish, partly in the barony of STRABANE, but chiefly in that of OMAGH, county of TYRONE, and province of ULSTER, 9 miles (S. E.) from Omagh, on the road to Dungannon and on the new line of road to Belfast; containing, with the village of Six-mile-cross (which is separately described), 10,307 inhabitants. The parish, which is situated in a mountainous district, comprises, according to the Ordnance survey, 4675 3/4 statute acres, of which 1352 3/4 are in the barony of Strabane, and the remainder in that of Omagh; of these 291 1/4 are water, and 31,817 are applotted under the tithe act. The land is in general of good quality, but there are some extensive tracts of mountain and bog that cannot be brought into cultivation. The system of agriculture is rapidly improving under the auspices of the rector and Sir Hugh Stewart, Bart.; the cultivation of wheat has been lately introduced and attended with success in sheltered situations. There is abundance of good freestone, with indications of coal in several parts; also an extensive range of quartz rock, in which have been found lead and copper ore. There are several very good houses in the parish, but the only seat is Loughmacrory, the handsome residence of Sir Hugh Stewart, Bart; the principal lakes are Loughmacrory and Loughfinnee. Of the mountains, few have any great elevation; the highest is Carrickmore, on which the village, called by the country people the Rock, is built. Fairs are held there on the last Friday in every month. A portion of the parish, called the Eighteen Townlands, belongs to the Primate of Armagh, who by his seneschal holds a monthly court for his manor of Tonnen, at Nine-mile-house, for the recovery of debts under £10; and a court for the manor of Fena is held at Six-mile-cross, for debts under 40s.

The living is a rectory and vicarage, in the diocese of Armagh, and in the patronage of the Marquess of Waterford: the tithes amount to £803. 1. 6 1/2. The glebe-house was built in 1815, at an expense of £3293. 1. 7 1/4., British, of which £100 was a gift and £1500 a loan from the late Board of First Fruits, and the remainder was defrayed by the incumbent; the glebe comprises 1459 acres, valued at £680. 13. 4 per annum. The church, for the repair of which the Ecclesiastical Commissioners have lately granted £198, is a spacious edifice with a square tower, towards the erection of which, in 1786, the late Board of First Fruits contributed a gift of £500. A large church is now in progress of erection at Six-mile-cross, to which will be attached a district comprising several townlands of this parish and the parish of Errigal-keroge, the church of which is 9 miles distant; in the meantime divine service is performed in the Presbyterian chapel every Sunday before the Presbyterian congregation assembles. The R. C. parish is co-extensive with that of the Established Church: there are three chapels, situated respectively at Creggan, Loughmacrory, and Rocktown, and an altar at which the R. C. clergy of the parish of Cloghany officiate. There is a place of worship for Seceders of the first class at Six-mile-cross. About 1200 children are taught in ten public schools, of which the parochial school is supported by the rector, a school at Loughmacrory by Sir Hugh Stewart, and a school at Cloghfin by Col. Verner; there are also four private schools, in which are about 200 children, and 13 Sunday schools, and a dispensary. In the townland of Sluggan, on a mountain close to the road from Dungannon to Pomeroy, is preserved an ancient bell, called the Clogh of Termon, much corroded by time, which is said to have been found among the ruins of a church by one of the McGuirks; there are many traditionary records concerning it, and it is still occasionally used in cases of solemn asseveration. About a mile to the south of the church is the isolated hill of Drummisk, on which Jas. II. encamped on his return from Strabane, in 1689, and whence he marched towards Armagh. Adjoining the village are the picturesque remains of the old church of Termon, the side walls and eastern gable of which are nearly perfect; the windows are of beautiful design, and the building appears to have been an elegant specimen of the decorated English style; the cemetery is still used as a favourite burial-place by the R. C. parishioners; near it is a separate burial-place for children, and within a quarter of a mile is one exclusively for women. On the glebe are the remains of a fallen cromlech, the table stone of which is entire and of very large dimensions; and there are several forts in various parts of the parish.

TERRYGLASS, a parish, in the barony of LOWER ORMOND, county of TIPPERARY, and province of MUNSTER, 5 miles (W. N. W.) from Burris-o'-kane, on the road from Portumna to Nenagh; containing 2573 inhabitants, of which number, 48 are in the hamlet. At this place, anciently called Tirdaglas, "the country of the two greens," St. Patrick is said to have baptized several inhabitants of Thomond, who came across the Shannon to him. St. Columba, a disciple of St. Finian, founded a monastery here, of which he became the first abbot, about the middle of the sixth century; dying of the pestilence in 552, he was interred here, and was succeeded by his brother, St. Mochoemius. In 801, 1112, and 1162, the town and abbey were destroyed by accidental fires; in 842 they were plundered and destroyed by the Danes, and in 1140 the whole place was destroyed by the people of O'Maney, a small territory around the barony of Tiaquin, county of Galway. Little remains of this celebrated seat of learning and religion, of which subsequently to 1162 we find no farther historical notice. The parish, which is bounded on the north-west by the Shannon, comprises 4066 statute acres, as applotted under the tithe act. The land is light and partly in tillage; about 2000 acres are bog, which might be reclaimed by a canal to the Shannon; and about 106 acres are woodland, the greater portion of which, called Killanow Wood, is the property of the Globe Insurance Company. A flour-mill at Ballinderry, and one at Carrigahorig, are supplied by two small rivers. Limestone abounds and is used principally for building. The gentlemen's seats are Castle Biggs, the residence of Dr. W. Biggs, situated in a very neat demesne, in which is a square tower, commanding an extensive view of the Shannon and the surrounding country, and in the vicinity is a fine echo; Slavoir, of R. Monsell, Esq.; Ashgrove of B. Talbot, Esq.; and the neat glebe-house, of the Rev. R. Stoney. It is a rectory, vicarage, and perpetual cure, in the diocese of Killaloe; the rectory is in the patronage of the Bishop; the vicarage forms part of the corps of the deanery of Killaloe; and the perpetual cure is in the gift of the Dean. The tithes amount to £300, of which £200 is payable to the rector, and £100 to the vicar: the income of the perpetual curate is £100, half being paid by the vicar and the remainder from Primate Boulter's augmentation fund. The glebe-house was erected by aid of a gift of £450 and a loan of £50 from the late Board of First Fruits, in 1816: the glebe comprises 15 acres, and £450 was given towards reducing the rent to 40s., late currency, per acre. The church is a plain building, erected by aid of a gift of £600 from the same Board, in 1808, and the Ecclesiastical Commissioners have recently granted £138 for its repair. In the R. C. divisions the parish forms part of the union or district of Kilbarron, and contains a chapel. There are two private schools, in which about 50 boys and 30 girls are taught. On the shore of Lough Derg are the interesting remains of the castle known by the name of Old Court Castle: it stood on the declivity of a rising ground, and appears to have been a quadrilateral structure of two stories, with round towers at the angles: the walls are about five feet thick and are built with a considerable batter or inclination to the height of 10 or 12 feet from the foundation, which was laid on the surface; the total absence of chimneys or fireplaces, indicates the great antiquity of the structure, which exhibits several other peculiarities of a rude age. There are also considerable remains of the ancient parochial church.

TERRYRONE, a village, in the parish of UPPER MOVILLE, barony of ENNISHOWEN, county of DONEGAL, and province of ULSTER, 8 miles (N.) from Londonderry, on the road to Moville; the population is returned with the parish. This village was formerly of some importance, having been then inhabited by the farmers of the adjoining lands on the system of "Rundale," but that system having been broken up by the proprietor, the Earl of Caledon, the farmers now reside on their respective lands, and the village has in consequence been almost deserted. Though the land in the vicinity is in general poor, the state of agriculture has been lately much improved under the patronage of its noble proprietor. Here is a school established by Lord Caledon, and now in connection with the National Board; the school-house was built at his lordship's expense.

TESSARAGH, or TAUGHSRARA, a parish, in the barony of ATHLONE, county of ROSCOMMON, and province of CONNAUGHT, upon the river Suck and on the road from Roscommon to Ballinasloe; containing, with the post-town of Mount-Talbot (which see), 3492 inhabitants. This parish comprises 5096 statute acres, as applotted under the tithe act: the soil is light and chiefly under tillage; there is a great quantity of bog. Limestone quarries of the best description are worked; the stone is used as piers for gates, and slabs for chimney-pieces. Fairs are held at Mount-Talbot, and petty sessions at the Four Roads on alternate Fridays. The gentlemen's seats are Mount-Talbot, the residence of W. Talbot, Esq.; Bushy Park, of J. Barlow, Esq.; and Belgrave, of O. Irwin, Esq. The living is a vicarage, in the diocese of Elphin, episcopally united, in 1811, to the vicarages of Desert and Taghboy, constituting the union of Tessaragh or Mount-Talbot, in the patronage of the Bishop; the rectory is impropriate in the Incorporated Society. The tithes amount to £103. 1. 6 1/2., of which £41. 4. 7 1/2. is payable to the society, and the remainder to the vicar: the gross tithes of the benefice are £138. 9. 2. The church is a plain neat Gothic building, erected in 1766 at an expense of £415, a gift from the late Board of First Fruits; the Ecclesiastical Commissioners have recently granted £390 for its repairs. In the R. C. divisions the parish is the head of a union or district, comprising also part of the parish of Taghboy; there is a chapel at the Four Roads, a small thatched house in bad repair. There are two schools aided by subscriptions, in which about 50 children are taught; and four hedge schools, in which are about 400 children. Here are some ruins, supposed to be those of a religious house.

TESSAURAN, a parish, in the barony of GARRYCASTLE, KING'S county, and province of LEINSTER, 2 miles (N. by W.) from Cloghan, on the road to Shannon-Bridge; containing 5587 inhabitants. This parish is situated between the river Shannon and the greater Brosna river, which latter runs into the former at its southern extremity: it comprises 5184 statute acres of arable land, and upwards of 1600 acres of red bog. Limestone is quarried both for building and agricultural purposes; and great facility is afforded by the Shannon and the Grand Canal for the conveyance of agricultural produce to Dublin and Limerick. Petty sessions are held on alternate Tuesdays at Belmont. The seats are Moytown, the residence of Col. L'Estrange; Belmont, of Robert Baker, Esq.; Kilcummin, of Wm. L'Estrange, Esq.; and Hunstanton, of Major Carlton. The living is a rectory and vicarage, in the diocese of Meath, united by act of council in 1804 to the vicarage of Farbane, and in the patronage of the Bishop: the tithes amount to £200, and there is a glebe of 114 acres of profitable land, valued at £256. 10. per ann.; there is also a glebe of 282 acres (exclusive of bog) in the parish of Farbane: the gross value of the benefice, including the glebes, amounts to £876. 19. 2. per ann. The glebe-house was built in 1812 by the present incumbent, at an expense of £2119. The church is a neat edifice, built in 1806 by aid of a gift of £500 Irish currency, from the late Board of First Fruits, and enlarged in 1831 by private subscription, aided by a loan of £300 British, from the same Board; on this occasion Col. L'Estrange contributed £80. In the R. C. divisions the parish forms part of the union or district of Farbane; the chapel at High-street is a plain building of recent erection. In the national school at High-street, which is aided by £6 per ann. from a local fund, and a female school at Moytown, supported by Mrs. L'Estrange, about 90 children are educated; and there are two private schools, in which are about 130 children, and a Sunday school. A loan fund has been established for the benefit of the industrious poor. Of the abbey founded here about the commencement of the sixth century, and of which St. Trena was abbot, not a vestige exits. The old churchyard, which for the last two centuries has been the burial-place of the L'Estrange family, is still used.

THAMPHELIM.--See KILLARE.

THERANADROMMON.--See KILNAMARTRY.

THOMASTOWN, a parish, in the barony of EAST OPHALY, county of KILDARE, and province of LEINSTER, 3 miles (N. by W.) from Kildare, on the road to Rathangan; containing 139 inhabitants, and comprising 823 statute acres, as applotted under the tithe act. The living is a rectory, in the diocese of Kildare, episcopally united to the rectories of Dunmany and Pollardstown, and in the patronage of the Duke of Leinster: the tithes amount to £58. 1., and the gross tithes of the union to £208. 1. The glebe house was erected in 1828, by aid of a gift of £450 and a loan of £120 from the late Board of First Fruits, and a gift of £200 from the Duke of Leinster; the glebe comprises 8 acres. The church is a small handsome building in the Gothic style, erected in 1827 by a gift of £900 from the same Board, and to the repairs of which the Ecclesiastical Commissioners have lately granted £234. A parochial school, in which about 20 children are taught, is entirely supported by the rector; the school-house is a neat slated building.

THOMASTOWN, an incorporated market and post-town, (formerly a parliamentary borough), and a parish, in the barony of GOWRAN, county of KILKENNY, and province of LEINSTER; 21 miles (N.) from Waterford, and 59 (S. S. W.) from Dublin, on the mail coach road to Waterford; containing 3054 inhabitants. This place, situated on the river Nore, and on the southern border of the county, was anciently called Grenan; it took its present name from Thomas Fitz-Anthony Walsh, Seneschal of Leinster, one of the earliest English proprietors in Ireland, who built a castle here, and made the town a free borough. By the Irish it was called Bally-Mac-Andon, signifying "Fitz-Anthony's town;" and from its situation at the head of the navigable channel of the Nore, it became at an early period a place of considerable trade and an important military station; it was surrounded with walls, and most of its buildings were castellated. The present town, in 1831, contained 527 houses, most of which are neatly built. Over the river Nore is a handsome stone bridge of five arches, built in 1792, at each end of which is an ancient square tower, formerly connected with the fortifications by which the town was surrounded. A very considerable trade was formerly carried on, and the town was the commercial depot for the county of Kilkenny; flat-bottomed boats of an aggregate burden of 11,000 tons were constantly employed in conveying goods from this town, besides many others which did not belong to it; but the river is now choked up with deposits of sand. Inistioge has become the head of the navigation of the Nore, and the boats employed on the river at this place do not exceed an aggregate burden of 150 tons; the goods are now conveyed on Scotch cars by land from Waterford to Kilkenny. The improvement of the navigation of the Nore would tend greatly to the revival and extension of the trade of the town, and to the development of the resources of the county, which is rich in marble, coal, culm, slate, and limestone, for which, in addition to its agricultural produce, it would afford facilities of conveyance to the neighbouring ports. It has been estimated that the clearing of the channel of the river, which would open the navigation from New Ross to this town for flat-bottomed steam-boats of 70 tons' burden, might be accomplished at an expense of £12,000, and effect, by a reduction of the charges for freight and the discontinuance of land carriage, a saving of at least £10,000 per annum. There are several large flour-mills worked by water in the town and its vicinity, and also two breweries and a tan-yard. The market-days are Monday and Saturday; and fairs are held on March 17th, May 25th, June 29th (a large wool fair), and September 15th.

The inhabitants received a charter of incorporation from Thomas Fitz-Anthony, which was subsequently confirmed and extended by Edw. III., who, in the 20th of his reign, granted the "Provost, Bailiffs, and honest men of Thomastown" certain customs and tolls for the erection and repair of the bridge, and in the 49th of his reign, further customs, for the purpose of surrounding the town with walls. Hen. VI., in the 2Sth of his reign, granted to the burgesses, in consideration of the expenses they had incurred in maintaining the fortifications, an exemption from all tolls and subsidies for ten years, except such as were granted by parliament or great councils; and Queen Mary, in the first of her reign, conferred additional privileges, empowering the corporation to elect officers and hold courts with jurisdiction equal to that of Kilkenny, with markets, fairs, and other grants. This charter was confirmed and extended by Jas. I., in the 13th of his reign; and though a subsequent charter was granted by Jas. II., the former continued to be and is still the governing charter. By it the corporation was to consist of a sovereign, provost, and an indefinite number of burgesses, assisted by a recorder, town-clerk, serjeants-at-mace, and other officers. The sovereign and recorder were to be justices of the peace, and had power to hold a court of record to any amount. The charter also gave power to return two members to the Irish parliament, which the corporation continued to exercise till the Union, when the borough was disfranchised. Since that period the corporation has exercised few municipal functions; a sovereign, who also acts as a justice of the peace within the borough, is appointed, and there are at present nine burgesses, but no other officers are now chosen. The court of record has been discontinued, and also a local court, with jurisdiction limited to 40s., which was held by the sovereign till within the last few years. The quarter-sessions for the county are held here in January, April, July, and October; and petty sessions every alternate week. A constabulary police force is stationed in the town. The court-house is a neat modern building, to which is attached a small bridewell.

The parish comprises 1719 statute acres, as applotted under the tithe act: the land is of good quality and in a state of profitable cultivation. Limestone abounds, and there is an extensive quarry near the town. In the lower part of the sandstone hills is found a kind of stone inclining to jasper; and near the town is a quarry of light-coloured compact silicious schistus, which is raised in large flags for building. The principal seats are Dangan Lodge, the residence of S. Davis, Esq., a handsome modern house situated in tastefully disposed grounds; Coolmore, of P. Connellan, Esq.; and Flood Hall, of J. Flood, Esq. The living is a rectory and vicarage, in the diocese of Ossory, united by act of council in 1803 to the rectories and vicarages of Columbkill and Famagh-Church, and in the patronage of the Bishop; the tithes amount to £248. The glebe-house, towards the erection of which the late Board of First Fruits contributed a gift of £100 and a loan of £650, in 1806, is a neat building about a quarter of a mile from the church; the glebe comprises 18 1/2 acres, and the gross value of the whole benefice is £526 per annum. The church is a neat modern structure; the late Board of First Fruits granted a loan of £1266 for its erection, and the Ecclesiastical Commissioners have recently granted £129 for its repair. In the R. C. divisions the parish is the head of a union or district, comprising also the parishes of Church-Jerpoint, West-Jerpoint, Columbkill, Kilfane, Tullowherin, and Killarney, in which union are four chapels; the chapel in the town is a handsome edifice with a spire, and contains the great marble altar removed from the ruins of Jerpoint abbey. About 80 children are taught in two public schools, of which the parochial school is supported by the Earl of Carrick, who built the school-house at an expense of £350, and by the rector; and there are three private schools, in which are about 230 children, two Sunday schools, and a dispensary. In the vicinity of the town are the remains of Grenan Castle; and on the river, a little below the town, are those of Dysett Castle, said to have been the birthplace of the Rev. George Berkeley, the learned Bishop of Clogher, who was born in 1684. Lagan Castle, near the town, was the residence of the last abbot of Jerpoint: there are some remains of the Dominican abbey, the foundations of which and its subsequent history are not recorded; they consist chiefly of the wall of one of the aisles, in which are five pointed arches and some windows of elegant design: there are numerous sepulchral monuments among these ruins, but the most ancient are greatly mutilated, and no inscriptions are legible; the most remarkable has a recumbent figure of a man of gigantic stature.

THOMASTOWN, a village in the parish of RELICKMURRY, barony of CLANWILLIAM, county of TIPPERARY, and province of MUNSTER, 4 1/2 miles (W.) from Cashel, on the road to Tipperary, and near the river Suir: the population is returned with the parish. Thomastown House, the splendid castellated mansion of Lady Eliz. Matthew, sister and heir of the late Earl of Llandaff, is situated in a noble demesne, comprising upwards of 2000 statute acres, and embellished with a profusion of remarkably fine timber, and two large pieces of water, supplied from a distance of several miles: the scenery is of a very pleasing character, the fine range of hills called the Galtees forming the background. On a part of the demesne called the Ross, near the small river Fidachta, is a beautiful cottage, built by the late Earl. A constabulary police force is stationed in the village; and there is a school for children of both sexes, in which are about 100 children, under the patronage of Lady E. Matthew, who allows the master £10 per ann., besides a house and two acres of land. Some remains of the church exist; it is the burial-place of the noble family of Matthew.

THURLES, a market and post-town, and a parish, in the barony of ELIOGARTY, county of TIPPERARY, and province of MUNSTER, 24 3/4 miles (N.) from Clonmel, and 75 (S. W.) from Dublin, on the road from Tipperary to Templemore; containing 10,031 inhabitants, of which number, 7084 are in the town. This place, originally called Durlas-O'Fogarty, is of great antiquity, and in the 10th century was the scene of a memorable battle between the Danes and the native Irish, in which the former suffered a signal defeat. Soon after the English invasion, the Ostmen of Dublin, on their march to reinforce Strongbow, who was then encamped at Cashel, halted at this place in careless security, when O'Brien of Thomond suddenly attacked and defeated them, with the loss of 400 of their men and their four principal commanders. O'Brien soon afterwards encountered the English borderers, who were extending their power in this direction, and meeting with them at this place, compelled them to retreat. A castle appears to have been erected here at an early period, which in 1208 was besieged by Hugh de Lacy and taken from Geoffrey MacMorris, by whom it was then occupied. In 1300 a monastery for Carmelites or White friars was founded here by one of the Butler family, which at the dissolution was granted, with all it dependencies, to Thomas, Earl of Ormonde. A preceptory of Knights Templars is said to have been also founded here, of which probably the castle before mentioned may have been a part, but no authentic record exists of such an establishment. The principal castle was erected by James Butler, the first Lord Palatine of Tipperary, one of whose descendants was, in 1535, created Viscount Thurles: this castle, during the parliamentary war, was garrisoned for the King, but was afterwards taken by the parliamentarian forces, by whom it was demolished.

The town is pleasantly situated on the banks of the river Suir, by which it is divided into two nearly equal parts, connected with each other by a low bridge; and consists of one spacious street, from each extremity of which smaller streets diverge in various directions. In 1831 it contained 1210 houses, most of which are neatly built and several are of handsome appearance: there are infantry barracks on a small scale. The environs in every direction are pleasant, and are enlivened by richly varied scenery: the surrounding country is extremely fertile, and the town is the commercial centre of a populous and highly cultivated district, and is rapidly increasing in wealth and importance. A considerable trade is carried on in corn, which is sent by land carriage to Clonmel; it has also an excellent retail trade, and contains a large brewery and a tannery. The market days are Tuesday and Saturday; and fairs are held on the first Tuesday in every month, on Easter-Monday, and on the 21st of Aug. and Dec. The market-house is a neat building in the western part of the main street. A chief constabulary police force is stationed in the town; general sessions for the county are held twice in the year, and petty sessions every Saturday. The sessions-house is a neat modern building; and near it is a well-arranged bridewell, containing 22 cells, 4 day-rooms, and two airing-yards.

The parish comprises 7290 statute acres, of which 5670 are arable, 810 pasture, and 810 bog and waste: the land in cultivation is of very good quality, producing abundant crops, and the system of agriculture is improved. An abundant supply of fuel is obtained from the bogs, and from the Slievardagh coal mines, which are about eight miles distant. Brittas Castle, the property of the Langley family, was commenced on a very extensive scale by the late Capt. Langley, but remains in an unfinished state. The Archbishop of Cashel has a handsome residence here, and there is also the residence of a stipendiary magistrate in the parish. The living is a rectory, in the diocese of Cashel, partly impropriate in -- Bagwell, Esq., and Mrs. Downes, and partly united, by act of council, in 1682, to the vicarages of Rahelty, Shyane, and Adnith, and in the patronage of the Archbishop. The tithes amount to £995, of which £135 is payable to the impropriators, and £860 to the vicar. The glebe-house, towards which the late Board of First Fruits contributed a gift of £100 and a loan of £1500, in 1820, is a good residence; the glebe comprises 68 statute acres, and the gross value of the benefice amounts to £1022. 3. 6. per annum. The church is a neat edifice at the east end of the town, towards the erection of which the late Board of First Fruits advanced a loan of £2000. The R. C. parish is co-extensive with that of the Established Church; it is the head of the diocese, and the mensal of the Archbishop. The chapel, which is the cathedral of the diocese, is a spacious and handsome structure, erected at an expense of £10,000, and one of the finest buildings of the kind in Ireland. Near it are the Ursuline and Presentation convents, the ladies of which employ themselves in the gratuitous instruction of poor female children; each has a private chapel. St. Patrick's College, established in 1836 for the liberal education of R. C. young gentlemen upon moderate terms, is a handsome building in an improved demesne of 25 acres, bounded on one side by the river Suir. About 700 children are taught in four public schools, of which the conventual schools are partly supported by a bequest, of £2000 from the late Most Rev. Dr. James Butler, and those of the Christian Brethren by a similar bequest, from the Most Rev. Dr. Bray, the interest of which he appropriated to the instruction and clothing of poor boys; and the parochial school is supported by the incumbent. There are also 13 private schools, in which are nearly 700 children; and a dispensary. It is said that till within the last 20 or 30 years there were the ruins of seven castles in this parish; there are still vestiges of two, and also of a large mansion, formerly the residence of the Earl of Llandaff. The remains of the principal castle are situated close to the bridge, and consist at present of a lofty quadrangular keep, with various embattled walls and gables: the other, which is situated at the western extremity of the town, and is ascribed to the Knights Templars, appears to have been of very small extent; a little to the north of it was an ancient moat. In this part of the town are also the remains of the ancient monastery, consisting of a great part of a strong tower, with some mouldering walls. Grose, in his Antiquities, states that St. Mary's church, belonging to a Franciscan monastery, founded by the O'Meaghers, in the 15th century, occupied the site of the present R. C. chapel. Manus O'Fohily, the last abbot, refused to surrender it at the dissolution, and was taken prisoner to Dublin, where he suffered a long confinement. On the townland of Killinard are the remains of an old church, to which is attached a burial-ground. The greater part of the parish is the property of Lady Elizabeth Matthew, sister of the late Earl of Llandaff. Thurles gives the inferior title of Viscount to the Marquess of Ormonde.

TIBOHINE, county of ROSCOMMON.--See TAUGHBOYNE.

TICKILLEN, a parish in the barony of SHELMALIER, county of WEXFORD, and province of LEINSTER, 3 1/2 miles (N. W.) from Wexford, near the mail road to Enniscorthy; containing 1226 inhabitants. It is principally situated on the north-eastern bank of the Slaney, but there is a small detached portion on the northern extremity of the estuary of that river. The principal portion is skirted by the new mail road to Enniscorthy and Dublin, and is connected with the south-western bank of the river by a handsome bridge of American oak, which, together with the ancient castle of Ferry-Carrigg, romantically situated on a rocky eminence on the Tickillen side of the river, is noticed in the article on the parish of Carrigg. The parish of Tickillen comprises 2640 statute acres, of which the detached portion contains 748: within the limits of the latter is part of the village of Castlebridge. The land is mostly in tillage, the soil in general fertile, and the state of agriculture has been of late years much improved. The seats are Percy Lodge, the property of Percy Evans Freke, Esq., pleasantly situated near the banks of the river; Killown, the residence of -- Woodcock, Esq., built in the cottage style; Newtown Lodge, the handsome villa of J. E. Redmond, Esq.; and Moat Park, of N. Goodall, Esq. It is a vicarage, in the diocese of Ferns, separated by act of council in 1829 from the union of Ardcolme (with the exception of the small detached portion, which is still attached to that union), and with the adjoining parish of Kilpatrick, formed into a distinct benefice; the rectory is impropriate in the Earl of Portsmouth. The tithes of the larger portion amount to £123. 7. 9., of which £63. 7. 9 is payable to the impropriator, and the remainder to the vicar; and those of the smaller portion to £58. 12. 10., of which £28. 13. 6. is payable to the impropriator, and the remainder to the incumbent of Ardcolme union. In the R. C. divisions the parish forms part of the union or district of Crossabeg. Within the demesne of Percy Lodge is a glebe, comprising 3 acres; also the ruins of the ancient church, with a cemetery attached. At the north-western extremity of the parish are the remains of Deeps Castle, said to have been granted by Cromwell to one of his standard-bearers named Randle, whose family subsequently entertained Jas. II. on his way to Waterford, when he was retiring to France after the battle of the Boyne.

TICKMACREVAN, or GLENARM, a parish in the barony of UPPER GLENARM, county of ANTRIM, and province of ULSTER; containing, with the parish of Templeoughter, the post-town of Glenarm, and the village of Straidkelly (each separately described), 3859 inhabitants. It comprises, according to the Ordnance survey, an area of 20,506 3/4 statute acres; and is situated on the Glenarm water, which rises in Slemish mountain and discharges itself into the sea at the town, where it is of considerable size. A very large portion of the parish is mountain, bog, and waste, but the remainder is in a high state of cultivation under the most improved system of agriculture, and produces wheat, beans and barley in great abundance and of excellent quality. Limestone of many varieties is found here; some kinds contain echenites, belemnites, and other similar fossils; and large masses of ponderous iron ore and decomposed basalt used in making Roman cement, are found imbedded among the limestone rocks; one species of it is remarkable for its quality of setting instantly when immersed in water. Great quantities of limestone are exported from Glenarm, the quay of which is much resorted to by Scotch vessels in this trade, which bring coal and general merchandise in exchange. Close to the town of Glenarm is a coal mine, which has not been worked to advantage; there are also indications of that mineral in other parts of the parish. Glenarm Castle, the residence of Edw. McDonnell, Esq., which is in this parish, is described in the account of the town. The glebe-house is the residence of the Rev. Ross Jebb; and there are several elegant bathing-lodges at Carn-lough, belonging to Alex. McManus, Esq., and others, which have tended much to induce visitors from the inland parts to resort hither during the summer months.

The living was a rectory and vicarage, the former annexed, in 1609, to the chancellorship of Connor, and the latter episcopally united, in 1768, to the rectory of Templeoughter, (which is completely enclosed within it); but on the death of Dr. Trail, the late chancellor, in 1830, the two parishes were consolidated under the provisions of Dr. Mant's act, into a single rectory, in the diocese of Connor, and placed under the patronage of the Bishop. The tithes, including those of Templeoughter, amount to £240: the glebe-house, which is situated about l 1/2 mile from the church, near the seashore, was built in 1813 by aid of a gift of £450 and a loan of £46 from the late Board of First Fruits; the glebe of the union comprises 23a. 0r. 30p. valued at £46. 7. 6. per ann.: the total value of the benefice amounts to £286. 7. 6. The church, which occupies the site of an ancient monastery close to the shore near the town, was built in 1768, at the expense of the noble family of McDonnell, and was enlarged in 1822 by a loan of £300 from the late Board of First Fruits: it is a plain building with a tower and spire. The R. C. parish, which is called Glenarm, is co-extensive with the consolidated rectory of Tickmacrevan, and has two chapels, one at Glenarm, and the other at Carnlough, about two miles north-west of it. There are places of worship for Presbyterians, one of which is in connection with the Remonstrant Synod and of the third class, and a meeting-house for Wesleyan Methodists. Besides the schools noticed in the account of Glenarm, there are those of Cornabarna, Carnlough, Longfalls, and the Park, for the gratuitous education of poor children, in all of which there are 200 boys and 114 girls; there are also 4 private and 4 Sunday schools. Some remains of the ancient monastery, built in 1465 by Robt. Bisset, a Scotchman, for Franciscan friars of the third order, are still to be seen on the shore near the town; also those of the ancient church, a mile west of the town.

TIMAHOE, a parish, in the barony of CLANE, county of KILDARE, and province of LEINSTER, 8 miles (S. W.) from Kilcock, on the road to Kildare and on the Grand Canal; containing 1527 inhabitants. The living is a rectory, in the diocese of Kildare, and in the patronage of the Crown: the tithes amount to £238, and the glebe comprises 9 1/2 acres. The Protestant parishioners attend the church of Ballynefagh. In the R. C. divisions the parish forms part of the union or district of Clane. Here are three private schools, in which are about 60 children.

TIMAHOE, a village, in the parish of FOSEY, or TIMAHOE, barony of CULLINAGH, QUEEN'S county, and province of LEINSTER, 4 1/4 miles (S. S. W.) from Stradbally, on the road to Ballinakill; containing 96 inhabitants. This place takes its name from the foundation here of the monastery of Teach-Mochoe, by St. Mochoe, who died in 497, and which was destroyed by fire in 1142: it was afterwards refounded by the O'Mores, but of its further history there is no record. There are still some slight remains of the building, near which is an ancient round tower, 33 feet high; the doorway is 14 feet from the ground and is ornamented with a zigzag moulding, and the whole is in good preservation. A castle was erected here in the reign of Elizabeth by the Cosby family, whose descendants are still proprietors of the estate: the ruins form a very interesting and picturesque object. In 1642 a battle took place here between a party of forces under Col. Monck, on his return from the relief of Ballinakill, and a party under Gen. Preston, who had advanced to intercept his retreat, in which the latter was repulsed with considerable loss. The vicinity abounds with rich pastures and extensive dairy farms, and much butter of very superior quality is sent hither for sale. The village, which contains only nine houses, is pleasantly situated. Fairs are held on April 5th, July 2nd, and Oct. 18th.; and a constabulary police force is stationed here. The R. C. chapel of the union of Stradbally, a handsome cruciform edifice in the early English style, lately erected at an expense of £2000, is situated in the village; in which is also the parochial school, under the patronage of Mrs. Cosby.

TIMOGUE, a parish, in the barony of STRADBALLY, QUEEN'S county, and province of LEINSTER, l 1/2 mile (S. by W.) from Stradbally, on the road to Ballynakill; containing 300 inhabitants. The living is a rectory, in the diocese of Leighlin, and in the patronage of the Marquess of Lansdowne: the tithes amount to £158. 19. 9. The church is a neat structure. In the R. C. divisions it forms part of the union or district of Stradbally. There is a national school under the patronage of the Marquess, also a school partly supported by subscription.

TIMOLEAGUE, a penny post-town and parish, partly in the Eastern Division of the barony of EAST CARBERY, but chiefly in the barony of IBANE and BARRYROE, county of CORK, and province of MUNSTER, 22 1/2 miles (S. W. by S.) from Cork, and 148 1/2 (S. W. by S.) from Dublin, on the road from Courtmacsherry to Clonakilty; containing 1829 inhabitants, of which number, 720 are in the town. This place is also called Ty-Mologa, signifying the "house of St. Mologa," to whom the Franciscan abbey, founded here by the McCartys, in 1312, was dedicated, the buildings of which are nearly entire, except the roof, surrounding three sides of a court, 60 yards square. On the east is the church with a nave and choir, the former 30 and the latter 15 yards long: from the division a transept opens to the south more than 12 yards long, and on the south of the nave is an open arcade, extending round one side of the transept, and supported by seven irregular arches resting on cylindrical and square pillars without capitals. The windows are varied in their style and elevation: the east window is composed of three lofty lights, divided by stone mullions; the south window of the transept is also of three lancet-shaped lights, and the great west window of two. On the east side of the south transept is an oratory, with light and elegant windows, and those of the nave are pointed, square-headed, obtuse, and ogee. The division or screen between the nave and choir is by a lofty arch, on which rests a small light square tower, 68 feet high, and beneath this tower is a narrow and curious passage similar to those leading to the rood-loft in the English cathedrals. The dormitories, refectory, and other domestic edifices are remaining. During the reign of Mary, the monks retook possession of this abbey; and in 1603, the Catholics again took possession, and completely repaired it in every part. In 1518, Edmund Courcy, Bishop of Ross, was buried here; he built the square tower, now so conspicuous an ornament, and also the dormitory and library. It was for several centuries the burial-place of the powerful families of Mac Carty Reagh, de Courcy, O'Cullan, O'Hea, and others. The castle belonging to Sir Roger Shaughnessy was besieged and burned in 1642, by Lord Forbes, who then set sail for the Shannon. It was also again taken from the Irish, in 1643, by Col. Myn.

The parish comprises 2739 statute acres, as applotted under the tithe act, and valued at £2014 per ann.: the land, though in general good, is in some pla2es light and stony; it is chiefly under tillage, and produces abundant crops of wheat, oats, and potatoes. Agriculture was till very lately carried on under the old system, though it is improving rapidly through the spirited exertions and example of Col. Travers, the proprietor: green crops have been of late advantageously introduced, and several of the farmers have adopted the use of the Scotch plough and other improved agricultural implements. The town consists principally of one long irregular street, with another diverging from it parallel with the old abbey which was built by Col. Travers, and contains many comfortable slated cottages, principally inhabited by weavers; it comprises 120 houses, of which the greater part are modern and well built, and has a neat court-house, where petty sessions for the district are held every Monday, and an occasional manor court belonging to Lord Carbery. This is a constabulary police station. A market for pigs is held every Thursday; and fairs for cattle on March 28th, July 5th, Aug. 21st, and Dec. 7th. Although the. chief occupation of the inhabitants is in agricultural pursuits, many are yet engaged in weaving coarse sheeting, and about 50 looms are employed in the town in weaving cotton cords. At Spital-Hill is a flour-mill, belonging to Messrs. Swete and Co., where 6000 barrels of wheat are annually ground, principally for supplying the neighbouring towns. The surrounding country would be remarkably beautiful, but for the want of plantations, which defect, it is hoped, will in a few years be effectually remedied through the exertions of Col. Travers, of Timoleague House, who has already planted 50 acres of land on his demesne, close to the town. Barry's Hall, the residence of J. Lucas, Esq., is a large mansion, erected by one of the Barry family about a century since, and surrounded by a considerable plantation; Umera, a beautiful house on the banks of the river, of the Rev. B. Swete; Timoleague Villa, of J. Crofts. Esq.; and the glebe-house, of the Rev. C. L. Coghlan, D. D., the learned author of a "Scriptural Commentary on the Book of Genesis and St. Matthew's Gospel."

The living is a rectory, in the diocese of Ross, forming the corps of the prebend of Ross in the cathedral of St. Faughan, and in the patronage of the Bishop; the tithes amount to £413. 8. 8 1/2. The glebe-house, a neat villa residence, was erected by aid of a gift of £100 and a loan of £900, in 1816, from the late Board of First Fruits; the glebe comprises five acres. The church is a small neat structure, built in 1810 by aid of a loan of £500 from the same Board. In the R. C. divisions the parish is the head of a union or district, comprising also the parish of Kilmaloda; the chapel of Timoleague is a plain building. The parochial schools are principally supported by the rector, and a school is supported by Col. Travers; there are also two schools aided by subscriptions, two private schools, and a Sunday school. Here is a dispensary; and an Indigent Housekeepers' Society has been recently established, and is supported by voluntary contributions. In the town is also a parochial library, the books of which were given by James Duncan, Esq., of London. In a field not far from the Spital Mills are the ruins of the hospital for Lepers, founded by the first McCarty: on the banks of the river stand the ruins of the ancient castle built by the Morils in 1206.

TIMOLIN, a parish, partly in the barony of NARRAGH and RHEBAN-EAST, but chiefly in that of KILKEA and MOONE, county of KILDARE, and province of LEINSTER, on the river Griese and on the mail coach road from Dublin to Carlow, containing, with the post-town of Ballitore, (which is separately described), 3139 inhabitants, of which number, 288 are in the village of Timolin. The name of this place in Irish signifies "the house of Moling," from the foundation of a monastery here by St. Moling of Ferns, who died in the 7th century. In the reign of John, Robert Fitz-Richard, Lord of Noragh or Narragh, founded a convent for nuns of the Arroasian order, which he amply endowed, and also erected a strong castle here. In 1328 the church of St. Moling was burned by Edmond le Boteler; and in the reign of Chas. I. the castle was taken by the Marquess of Ormonde, and the garrison put to the sword by order of the Lords-Justices, though conditions of peace were in progress of adjustment. The parish comprises 2240 statute acres, chiefly under tillage, though there is some good pasture: the land is in general good, and there is no waste; fuel is scarce and only to be obtained from the bog of Narraghmore, about two miles distant. Here are quarries of sandstone and pebble limestone, which latter is burnt for manure. The village of Timolin contains 34 houses: fairs are held there on Easter-Monday and on June 28th. The Seven Denominations constituting part of the Vicarage of Killelan are now entirely separated from the Union of Timolin: they were for some time considered to be under the patronage of the Archbishop, but Sir Richard Steele lately advanced a claim to them, and has succeeded in recovering them and in establishing his right to the vicarage of Killelan. The living is a vicarage, in the diocese of Dublin, united time immemorially to the rectory and vicarage of Belan and the vicarages of Moone and Rathtoole, together constituting the union of Timolin, in the patronage of the Archbishop; the rectory is appropriate to the vicars choral and minor canons of the cathedrals of St. Patrick and Christ-church, Dublin; the tithes amount to £191. 5., of which £127. 10. is payable to the appropriators, and £63. 15. to the vicar. There is a glebe-house, with a glebe of 20 acres, in the parish of Moone. The church is a plain building with a neat tower, for the repairs of which the Ecclesiastical Commissioners have recently granted £242. In the R. C. divisions the parish forms part of the union or district of Castle-Dermot; the chapel is a plain spacious edifice. The Society of Friends have a meeting-house at Ballitore. In Timolin is the parochial school, aided by an annual donation from the vicar, in which are about 6 boys and 20 girls; and there is a school in connection with the Society of Friends. There are also three private schools, in which are about 380 children.

TIMON, or TIMOTHAN. -- See TALLAGHT.

TINAHELY, a market and post-town, in the parish of KILCOMMON, barony of BALLINACOR, county of WICKLOW, and province of LEINSTER, 20 miles (S. W.) from Wicklow, and 41 (S.) from Dublin, on the road from Rathdrum to Carnew; containing 575 inhabitants. This place formed part of the vast estate of the celebrated and unfortunate Earl of Strafford, who commenced the erection of a splendid mansion at Coolruss, about a quarter of a mile from the town, the ruins of which are vulgarly called "Black Tom's Cellars:" on the attainder of that nobleman the estate was forfeited to the Crown, and subsequently became the property of the ancestor of Earl Fitzwilliam, the present proprietor. During the disturbances of 1798, the town was entirely destroyed, but was soon afterwards rebuilt in an improved style: it is situated in a wild and mountainous district, on the banks of a small stream, over which is a stone bridge of five arches. A market is held every Wednesday; and fairs, chiefly for cattle and pigs, on the first Wednesday after the 1st of Jan., Feb. 7th, the first Wednesday after St. Patrick's day, the second Wednesday in April, May 8th, the 4th day and the last Wednesday in June, the first Wednesday after the 12th of July, Aug. 7th, the second Wednesday in Sept., the first Wednesday after the 29th of Sept., Nov. 7th, and the second Wednesday in Dec. Here is a chief constabulary police station; a manorial court is held in April, and petty sessions on alternate Wednesdays in a room over the market-house, a neat edifice, erected by the late Earl Fitzwilliam. Soap-boiling is carried on, and there are an extensive flour-mill and a tan-yard. In the town are a few good houses, and in the immediate vicinity are Town View, situated on high ground, the residence of Lieut. H. Morton, whence a fine view of the town and surrounding country is obtained; and Ballicionougue, of R. Bates, Esq. The Primitive Wesleyan Methodists hold their meetings in the sessions-room. A school is maintained partly by a grant from Earl Fitzwilliam and partly by the rector; and a dispensary is aided by an annual grant of £50 from Earl Fitzwilliam. -- See KILCOMMON.

TINNEHINCH, a village, in the parish and barony of ST. MULLIN'S, county of CARLOW, and province of LEINSTER, forming a suburb of the town of Graig, or Graignamanagh, in the county of Kilkenny, with which it is connected by a good stone bridge over the river Barrow: the population is returned with the parish. -- See GRAIG.

TINTERN, or KINNEAGH, a parish, in the barony of SHELBURNE, county of WEXFORD, and province of LEINSTER, 3 miles (N.) from Fethard, on the road from Wexford to Duncannon Fort; containing 2602 inhabitants. This place derives its name from a monastery founded here by William Marshall, Earl of Pembroke, after his escape from shipwreck off this coast in the year 1200, in fulfilment of a vow made during his peril, in which, after its endowment and dedication to the Blessed Virgin, he placed monks from the Cistertian abbey of Tintern, in the county of Monmouth, whence it obtained the appellation of Tintern-Minor. In 1447 the monastery had suffered such dilapidation that the abbot rebuilt the house at his own expense, and on that occasion obtained an act exempting him from all compulsory attendance in parliament. The parish is bounded on the south-east by the bay of Bannow, and on the north-east by the river Blackwater: it comprises 6528 statute acres; about one-half consists of arable land, and the remainder of meadow and pasture, with a considerable portion of bog; the soil is fertile, and the system of agriculture is much improved, green crops for winter feeding having been introduced with success; and the cottages of the farmers and peasantry exhibit a considerable degree of neatness and comfort. The village of Tintern, which was contiguous to the abbey, was taken down some years since and rebuilt on the townland of Saltmills, by which name it is now more generally known, and it is described under that head. An inlet from Bannow bay is navigable to the old bridge near the abbey for lighters bringing limestone and coal; and there is a small fishery. Fairs are held at Tintern on May 12th, Sept. 21st, and Nov. 11th, and at Nash on June 24th, Aug. 15th, and Nov. 20th: it is a station of the constabulary police. Tintern, the property of Caesar Colclough, Esq., and now the residence of his agent, J. W. Goff, Esq., is beautifully situated in a sequestered spot near the margin of the bay, and in the midst of a richly wooded demesne; the family mansion has been formed principally from the chancel of the ancient conventual church, of which the tower and part of the walls form a picturesque feature in the grounds; but from the frequent alterations which the abbey has undergone, these ruins have lost much of their original character. Subsequently to the formation of the present mansion, the ancient domestic buildings were removed, and the materials were used in the erection of the old chapel of ease near the abbey, and in that of the bridge before mentioned. About half way between Tintern and Clonmines is Thorla, or Tallough, the pleasantly situated residence of Mr. Geo. Hughes, supposed to occupy the site of an ancient religious house called Midway, from its position between the monasteries of Tintern and Clonmines.

The living is an impropriate curacy, in the diocese of Ferns, united in 1785 to those of Owenduffe and Clonmines, and in the patronage of Caesar Colclough, Esq., in whom the rectories are impropriate, and who allows the officiating minister a stipend of £82. 6. 1 3/4., augmented by £60 from the Ecclesiastical Commissioners; the tithes, amounting to £300, have merged into the rental of the land. The impropriate cures of Clongeen and Kilcowanmore are also attached to this union for the performance of clerical duties. The church, a neat edifice in the later English style, with a square tower crowned with pinnacles, was erected in 1818, at an expense of about £1000, of which £600 was a loan from the late Board of First Fruits; the remainder was assessed on the parishes of the union. In the R. C. divisions the parish is the head of a union or district, comprising also the parishes of Ballylennon (or Rosegarland), Clonmines, Clongeen, Owenduff, Inch, and Newbawn. The chapel at Ballycallane is an ancient and spacious building, near which a residence for the priest has been lately erected; and at Rathnagusseran is a handsome modern chapel, adjoining which also is a residence for the priest: the chapels of Clongeen and St. Leonard also belong to this district. A school at Saltmills is supported by Mr. Colclough, and a school-house has been lately erected at Ballycullane: in these and in the private schools of the parish about 160 children are educated. On digging the foundations for the present mansion at Thorla, a piscina and a great number of bones were discovered; the latter were interred under a tumulus in the grounds, and the former removed to the R. C. chapel. In the old chapel adjoining the abbey is a large table monument to Sir Anthony Colclough, Knt., who is recorded to have first arrived in Ireland in the 34th of Hen. VIII., as captain of the Band of Gentlemen Pensioners, in which and other offices of state he continued during the reigns of Edw. VI., Mary, and Elizabeth, and died in 1584.

TIPPER, a parish, in the barony of NORTH NAAS, county of KILDARE, and province of LEINSTER, on the road from Naas to Blessington; containing 821 inhabitants. It is a rectory, in the diocese of Dublin, partly impropriate in the Very Rev. Thos. John Burgh, dean of Cloyne, but chiefly constituting the corps of the prebend of Tipper in the cathedral of St. Patrick, Dublin, and in the patronage of the Archbishop. The tithes amount to £178, of which £26 is payable to the impropriator, and the remainder to the prebendary. In a school supported by the Rev. R. Wolfe about 50 children are educated; and there are two private schools, in the parish in which are about 60 children. At Cradockstown and Punchstown are two remarkably large stones.

TIPPERAGHNEY, or TYBUROUGHNY, a parish, in the barony of IVERK, county of KILKENNY, and province of LEINSTER, 2 3/4 miles (E. S. E.) from Carrick-on-Suir, on the road to Waterford; containing 293 inhabitants. This place is supposed to have been of some importance in ancient times, and to have been at one period thickly inhabited. According to Archdall, St. Dominick, or Modomnoc, flourished here about the middle of the sixth century, and the ruins of the church bear evidence of its remote antiquity. Here are remains of the foundations of an ancient town, supposed to be of Danish origin, a tombstone still existing being sculptured with Danish characters: also a mound of a conical form encircled by a spacious fosse, and presenting a considerable area on its summit. The castle is a stately edifice, supposed by some to have been erected by John, Earl of Morton, while at Waterford, but by others attributed to the Walshes, once proprietors of the entire parish: it is now the seat of M. Rivers, Esq. The parish is situated on the northern bank of the Suir, and comprises about 1134 statute acres; a large stone on its western border marks the boundary between the county of Kilkenny, in the province of Leinster, and that of Tipperary, in Munster. It is a rectory and vicarage, in the diocese of Ossory, forming part of the union of Fiddown: the tithes amount to £90. In the R. C. divisions it is part of the union or district of Templeorum.

TIPPERARY, (County of), an inland county of the province of MUNSTER, bounded on the east by the King's and Queen's counties, and that of Kilkenny; on the south, by that of Waterford; on the west, by those of Cork, Limerick, and Clare, from which latter it is separated by the Shannon and Lough Derg; and on the north, by that of Galway and King's county. It extends from 52° 12' to 53° 9' N. Lat., and from 7° 20' to 8° 26' W. Lon.; comprising an area, according to the Ordnance survey, of 1,013,173 statute acres, of which 819,698 consist of cultivated land, 182,147 of bog, mountain, and unimproved waste, and 11,328 are covered with water. The population, in 1821, was 346,896; and in 1831, 402,363.

The inhabitants of this portion of the island are designated by Ptolemy the Coriondi. Aengus McNafrach, King of Munster in the fifth century, is said to have enlarged the territory of the powerful tribe of the Desii, occupying the present county of Waterford, by the addition of the southern part of Tipperary, then forming a district called Magh Femin, but afterwards designated Desie Thuasgeart or North Desie, to distinguish it from the more southern lands of the same sept. According to Vallancey, the chiefs of Magh Femin, whose principal residence was on the rock of Cashel, obtained the name of Hy dun na moi, or "the chiefs of the hill of the plain," rendered by corruption O'Donnohue, and from them descended the Mac Carthies. The Desii maintained a separate sovereignty until overpowered by the first English invaders, against whom, however, they carried on a sanguinary and protracted struggle. The families then holding superior rank were those of O'Fogarty, occupying the territory about Thurles, anciently called Hy Fogarta; O'Brien, possessing the tract bordering on the Shannon, below Lough Derg, called Aradh Cliach, and forming the present barony of Owney and Arra; and O'Kennedy, who held Muscraighe Thire, now the baronies of Upper and Lower Ormond. The names of several other small districts have also been preserved, such as Corca Eathrach, including the country around Holy Cross and Cashel, forming a considerable part of Goulin, or the Golden Vale; Eoganacht, a territory and sept to the north of this, around Thurles; and Hy-Kerrin still further north. Ormond, the name of the northern part of the county, signifies East Munster.

The first English army that penetrated into this part of the island was led in person by Hen. II., who, in 1172, advanced from Waterford, and on the banks of the Suir received the submissions of the surrounding chieftains of the south; but on his return these submissions were for the most part retracted, and hostilities with the English commenced by the inarch of Earl Strongbow with an army to Cashel, where he reviewed his troops, and having received information of the strength and posture of the enemy, sent to Dublin, for the aid of the Ostmen forces enlisted in the English service there. When this auxiliary force had advanced as far as Thurles, it was suddenly attacked by O'Brien of Thomond so successfully, that their four principal leaders and 400 men were slain; upon which Strongbow made a precipitate retreat to Waterford. Afterwards Prince John, to secure the southern part of the county in subjection to the English authority, ordered the erection of castles at Ardfinnan and Tipperary. The next great struggle originated in an attempt made by Daniel O'Brien, of Thomond, to dispossess the English of this tract of country, for which purpose he levied a considerable force, and the contending parties having met at Thurles, a battle ensued in which the English were discomfited. But this did not put an end to the contest; the English still continued to ravage the territories of O'Brien, and to increase the number of their castles, which they gradually extended towards the Shannon.

When the territory had been in a great measure reduced, Hen. II. granted the whole of its lay possessions to Theobald Walter, who accompanied prince John to Ireland, in 1185, and was constituted "Chief Butler" of Ireland, a dignity made hereditary in his family, and from which it derives its name. Tipperary was one of the counties erected into shire ground by King John, in 1210. In 1315, Edmund, the fifth chief Butler of Ireland, received a grant of the return of all writs in his cantreds of Ormon, Hyogarty, and Hyocaroyl; and his son and successor, James, was created Earl of Ormonde in 1328. Edw. III. granted to this nobleman's son, James, who had married Eleanor Bohun, grand-daughter of Edw. I., for the better support of the name and honour of Earl of Ormonde, and in consideration of his valuable services, and of the consanguinity existing between him and his majesty, the regality, fees, and all other liberties in the county of Tipperary, and also the prisage of wines in Ireland. The royal liberty thus established in the county continued until the commencement of the last century, having, through the power, talents and loyalty of the family, been preserved long after the other royal liberties in Ireland had ceased to exist. The lands of the church being exempt from the palatine jurisdiction, formed considerable tracts within the limits of the county, in which the king's writs and ordinary jurisdiction had free course; these lands, in contradistinction to the county palatine, were designated the Cross of Tipperary, had their own sheriffs, and sent separate members to the Irish parliament. From a representation of this parliament, in 1430, it appears, that the greater part of the county was then subject to "Irish enemies, or English rebels," meaning by the latter name such as, under the loose authority of the age, lived in the old native fashion, in contempt of the King's authority or the English law; but the Butler family and the archbishops of Cashel were at a subsequent period firm in their allegiance to Hen. VII., in opposition to the attempts of Lambert Simnel. In the reign of Hen VIII., ordinances for the government of this and other western counties, in which English law had been long disregarded, were committed for execution to the Earl of Ormonde. In the 28th of the same reign, much of the possessions and privileges of the earldom vested in the king, by his marriage with Anne Boleyn, while such portions as were settled in tail male, including the prisage of wines, passed to the eldest heir male of the family, Sir Pierce Butler, created Earl of Ossory, and commonly styled Lord Ormonde, and in 1537, the same king confirmed to this nobleman all the lordships and manors anciently belonging to the family, in this and other counties.

In 1632, James, commonly styled "the great Duke of Ormonde," succeeded to the possessions of his family; and in the subsequent civil commotions, in which he acted so important a part, this county suffered very severely. In 1642, almost every fort and castle was captured by the Irish, and nearly all the relations of the earl were at once involved in the insurrection. In l647, it suffered from the military ravages of Lord Inchiquin, who took Cahir and Cashel, and ravaged the whole county. After the fall of Clonmel in 1650, a great portion of the forfeited lands of the rebels was divided amongst the parliamentarian adventurers, and subsequently confirmed to them by the act of settlement after the Restoration. James, Duke of Ormonde, obtained confirmation of all his ancient paternal property by several patents and statutes of Chas. II., and the royalties and liberties thereby granted were extended over the county at large, including the Cross of Tipperary, and were confirmed by act of parliament in the 14th and 15th of the same king. James, grandson of the Great Duke, was impeached on the accession of Geo. I., and, fleeing to France, was attainted of high treason by an act of' the British parliament, and his estates confiscated; and by an act of the Irish parliament, in the 2nd of Geo. I., all the liberties, regalities, franchises, courts of law and equity, jurisdictions, rights, power and authorities, granted by the letters patent and acts of parliament above mentioned, were for ever extinguished, and the rolls and records thereof, consisting of the pleadings in the court palatine of Tipperary from 1662 to 1714 and leases of lands from the Duke during the same period, were deposited chiefly in the Rolls Office of Chancery in Ireland, and a few in the office of the Chirographer of the Common Pleas. However, by an English statute in 1721, his brother, the Earl of Arran, was enabled to purchase the estates, and after his Grace's death without issue, succeeded as heir and representative of the Butlers of Ireland. From this nobleman's time until the year 1791, the ancient honours of the house of Ormonde remained dormant; but in that year John Butler, Esq., of the castle of Kilkenny, was restored to the earldoms of Ormond and Ossory, Viscounty of Thurles, &c.; no statute of restoration being deemed necessary on the occasion, as the title had not been attainted by an act of the Irish parliament. The present Marquess of Ormonde still retains the honorary office of Chief Butler, but the profits of the butlerage and prisage were purchased from the family for £216,000, under the 46th, 50th, and 51st of Geo. III., and vested in the Crown for the benefit of the public.

The county is partly in the dioceses of Lismore, Emly, and Killaloe, but chiefly in that of Cashel: for purposes of civil jurisdiction it is divided into the baronies of Clanwilliam, Eliogarty, Iffa and Offa East, Iffa and Offa West, Ikerrin, Kilnemanagh, Middlethird, Lower Orrnond, Upper Ormond, Owney and Arra, and Slievardagh. It contains the borough, assize and market-town of Clonmel; the city and borough of Cashel; the corporate, market, and post-town of Fethard, formerly a parliamentary borough; the market and post-towns of Nenagh, Thurles, Carrick-on-Suir, Tipperary, Roscrea, Clogheen, Killenaule, Cahir, and Templemore; and the post-towns of Burris-o'-Leagh, Burris-o'-Kane, Cloghjordan, Newport, Golden, Littleton, and New Birmingham: the largest villages are Bansha, (which has a penny post) Emly, Toomavara, Silvermines, Ballina, Ballingarry, and Mullinahone. It sent eight members to the Irish parliament, two for the county, and two for each of the boroughs of Clonmel, Cashel, and Fethard; but since the Union its representatives in the Imperial parliament have been two for the county and one for each of the boroughs of Clonmel and Cashel. The county members are elected at Clonmel: the constituency, as registered up to Jan. 1st, 1837, consisted of 837 £50, 379 £20, and 1600 £10 freeholders; 62 £20 and 228 £10 leaseholders; and 16 £50 and 15 £20 rent chargers; making a total of 3137 voters. The county is included in the Leinster Circuit. The local government is vested in a lieutenant, 30 deputy-lieutenants, and 153 other magistrates, with the usual county officers, including 4 coroners. There are 99 constabulary police stations, comprising altogether a force of 2 magistrates, 10 chief officers, 77 constables, 464 men and 21 horses. The county gaol is at Clonmel, and there are bridewells at Cahir, Clogheen, Tipperary, Cashel, New Birmingham, Thurles, Templemore, Roscrea, Nenagh, Burris-o'-Kane and Newport. The lunatic asylum for the county is at Clonmel; where also is the county House of Industry, with a lunatic asylum attached to it, principally for cases of idiotcy: the county infirmary is at Cashel: there are Fever hospitals at Clonmel, Tipperary, Cahir, Burris-o'-Kane, Clogheen, Cloghjordan, Cashel, Carrick-on-Suir, Nenagh, Roscrea, and Templemore; and dispensaries at Ballingarry, Bird Hill, Burris-o'-Leagh, Burris-o'-Kane, Ballyporeen, Clonmel, Drangan, Golden, Kilsheelan, Newcastle, Portroe, Poulmucka, Lorrha, Carrick-on-Suir, Cahir, Clogheen, Cappagh-white, Cloghjordan, Dundrum, Fethard, Killenaule, Mullinahone, Nenagh, Newport, Ballynonty, Roscrea, Silvermines, Tipperary, Thurles, Templemore, Toomavarra, Littleton and Ballymacky, each maintained by equal Grand Jury presentments and private subscriptions. The Grand Jury presentments for 1835 amounted to £56,795. 16. 0., of which £442. 6. 6. was for new roads and bridges, &c.; £21,629. 2. 10. for repairs of roads and bridges; £20,065. 16. 1. for public buildings, charities, officers' salaries and incidents; £11,811. 7. 10. for the police; and £2847. 2. 9. for repayments of advances made by Government. In the military arrangements the county is partly in the western, but chiefly in the south-western, district; and within its limits are nine barracks, or military stations: four for cavalry, at Cahir, Carrick-on-Suir, Clogheen, and Fethard; four for infantry, at Cashel, Nenagh, Roscrea, and Templemore; and one for cavalry, artillery and infantry at Clonmel; the whole capable of accommodating 139 officers and 2938 men.

The surface of the county is composed of several extensive and fertile tracts of champaign country, separated from each other by ranges of hills. The greatest tract of level country is that watered by the Suir, from its source near Roscrea to Ardfinnan, extending in length about 50 miles, and in breadth averaging 15. Although it presents a nearly level appearance, when viewed from the surrounding heights, owing to the general equality of its successive swells, it is found to be diversified with slightly depressed valleys and gentle elevations, which, combined with an exuberant fertility, present a pleasing though by no means a picturesque succession of scenery. The part of this plain between the Kilnamanagh and Galtee ranges, in the centre of which the town of Tipperary is situated, and which is bounded by a line drawn from Bansha and Thomastown near Golden on the east, and by another from Galbally through Pallasgreine to the Bilboa mountains on the west, has been designated the "Golden Vale," on account of the surpassing richness of its soil. The general elevation of its surface is about 400 feet above the level of the sea, though in some parts it does not exceed 250: from Cashel upwards it varies from 326 to 474 feet. On the cast it is bounded at first by a large tract of bog, a branch of that of Allen, extending into the contiguous county of Kilkenny; farther south it is enclosed by the low range of the Slievardagh hills, forming the Killenaule coal district, extending from the vicinity of Freshford, in the county of Kilkenny, a distance of eighteen miles south-westward, to a point five miles beyond Killenaule: the breadth of this range is about six miles; it is most elevated and abrupt towards the north-western side, where the height of the hills above the subjacent plain varies from 300 to 600 feet, while towards the south-east the surface gradually declines, and in that direction flow all the principal streams. Farther south the boundary of the plain is terminated on this side by the elevated group of Slieve-na-man, to the south-east of Fethard, from which several ranges of hills extend into the county of Kilkenny. On the south the vale is immediately overlooked by the steep and towering heights of the Monevullagh and Knockmeledown mountains, which form the county boundary towards Waterford; and along the base of the latter, a branch of the plain extends westward from Cahir and Ardfinnan, by Clogheen and Ballyporeen, into the vale of the Blackwater, which forms the northeastern part of the county of Cork. On the north of this portion of the plain stands the noble range of the Galtees, which on this side rise for the most part with a gentle ascent, while on the north-west they are in many parts extremely precipitous. The length of this range is twenty miles to its termination at the river Funcheon near Mitchelstown, which river forms part of the boundary between Tipperary and Cork, and its breadth from five to seven. The highest summit is Galtymore, which attains an elevation of about 2500 feet. The wild magnificence of this chain is, from its sudden elevation in the midst of a fertile plain, very striking; and its vast groupings present an assemblage of the most interesting features in boldness, freedom of outline, and variety of aspect. There are three curious circular lakes of small extent on these mountains, and the glens diverging from them present many natural beauties, particularly the western glen, in which is a fine cascade. North of these is a subordinate and lower parallel ridge, called Slieve-na-muck, near the base of which stands the town of Tipperary. From this vicinity a second branch of the great plain, through which a road runs from Clonmel to Limerick, extends to the western confines of the county, where it is met by the more elevated district in the vicinity of Pallasgreine, in the county of Limerick; and to the north of this vale rises the grand group of the Bilboa, Keeper, and Slieve-Phelim mountains, presenting a grand and varied outline. Among these, which occupy a wide district, is pre-eminently distinguished the Keeper mountain, between Newport and Silvermines, to the north-west of which lies another mountain group on the borders of the Shannon at Lough Derg, appearing to form part of a range extending by Killaloe to the vicinity of Six-mile-bridge, in the county of Clare, though here intersected by this grand watercourse. The Bilboa mountains separate the baronies of Ormond from the other baronies; and from them the western boundary of the grand vale of Tipperary is continued by a narrow range of heights, called the Kilnamanagh hills, which stretches hence north-eastward above Thurles and Templemore, forming the Devil's Bit mountains; and from these, again, a lower series of hills extends by Roscrea to the more elevated Slievebloom mountains, separating the King's from the Queen's county, and which makes the length of the entire range not less than 40 miles. The Keeper mountains and their northern dependencies within the county of Tipperary form a wild tract of country, extending in length about 24 miles, and in breadth about 20, and comprehending an extent of about 480 square miles, throughout the whole of which there was, until lately, scarcely any road passable for wheel carriages; but two excellent lines have recently been constructed by Government. From these mountains to the banks of the Shannon, and its expansion Lough Derg, extends the fertile plain of the Ormonds, of similar character to the Golden Vale, like it highly cultivated and adorned with many rich demesnes. The common elevation of this plain varies from 114 to 274 feet, gradually declining towards Lough Derg.

The soil of the great plains and vales consists of calcareous loams of various quality, but for the most part exuberantly fertile, and forming, in parts of the southern and south-western baronies of Clanwilliam, Middlethird, and Iffa and Offa, the most productive portion of the county; these baronies contributing more to the county cess than all the other seven, and comprising a greater number of highly cultivated farms. The rest of the low country is similar in character, forming extensive agricultural tracts; the hills are occupied by poorer soils on substrata of slate and sandstone, and are often very shallow. Great progress, however, has been made in their improvement, by means of the facilities which the construction of new roads has afforded for the introduction of lime as a manure, which is procured in abundance in the low country. The soil of the Slievardagh hills is of a cold and wet nature, abounding in many places with yellow clay. Contiguous to the bog of Allen lies a great extent of flat marshy ground, producing little but sedges and aquatic grasses, used for thatching and litter. The diversified nature of its surface renders the county equally noted for its good sheepwalks, its rich corn-fields, and its fertile grazing pastures.

In describing the husbandry of the county it may be classed into five districts, three agricultural, occupying the plains, and two of pasturage, comprising the mountain tracts. The principal of the former is the plain from Carrick to Tipperary, the superior quality of the soil of which, and its contiguity to Clonmel, the great mart for export, have caused it to be occupied by the more wealthy class of landholders, in farms averaging about 50 or 60 acres, though sometimes considerably more: here the lands under tillage exceed the quantity of pasture in the proportion of five to three. Of the other two agricultural districts, one occupies the upper part of the same plain, extending to Roscrea, Burris-o'-leagh, Dundrum and Cappaghwhite, while the third forms the plain country extending from the northwestern mountains to the Shannon and Lough Derg.

The mountain districts are the coal tract of Slievardagh and Killenaule, and the mountains of Upper Ormond and Kilnemanagh. By much the greater part of the hills of Slievardagh are under tillage; the farms, which were of considerable size, averaging from 80 to 100 acres, have been in many instances so subdivided among the descendants of the original lessees, that they do not now average more than 10. The mountain district of Upper Ormond, including the Keeper and Kilnamanagh mountains, though elevated, affords good pasturage to the summit; the bases of these mountains, particularly on the north, are fertile and under excellent cultivation, which is extending a considerable way up their sides. In the low lands the general course of crops is potatoes, wheat, and oats, sometimes for two years, after which the same course is resumed, after liming or manuring. On light and shallow soils barley sometimes succeeds the potatoes. Bere is usually taken off rich deep soils that have remained long under pasturage.

In the mountain districts, wheat is cultivated only in a few peculiarly favourable valleys, except where the increased use of lime has extended its growth on the Slievardagh hills. Sometimes the corn crops are repeated until the soil is entirely exhausted, and then it is left to regain its natural sward, and remains untilled for a few years. The common mode of planting the potatoes is in lazy beds, but in many parts they are now drilled. The artificial grasses are red and white clover, rye-grass, and hay-seeds, which last are now almost invariably sown whenever land is laid down for grass. The grass lands are good and sound, and though not in general clothed with the luxuriant herbage that adorns the county of Limerick, the butter is of superior quality. The most productive lands are the abundant tracts of low meadow along the banks of the larger rivers descending from the mountains, and constantly enriched by their alluvial deposits. These lands are here designated Inches, signifying "islands." A considerable portion of fertile land is devoted to the purposes of the dairy; and there are some extensive grazing farms, on which large herds of cattle are fattened. The butter, which is made in large quantities in the dairies, is mostly packed in firkins and sent to Clonmel, Waterford, or Limerick, for the English market, or by the canal to Dublin: the demand for it is annually increasing.

The principal manure is lime, which is extensively used on the rich lands of the vale, and in reclaiming and improving the colder soils of the high lands. A compost of turf mould mixed with the refuse of the farm-yard is also used, particularly for top-dressing. Limestone gravel is likewise in demand: that taken from the escars in the coal district between Killenaule and New Park, which form fertile and picturesque hills chiefly composed of this material, was formerly in great repute as manure, and was always spread on the ground without being calcined. Agricultural implements and carriages of improved construction are every year coming more into use; a light car with a wicker body is common. The fences are generally large mounds of earth from six to eight feet at the base, thrown up from the trench, frequently topped with white thorn or furze. In some districts stone walls are the general fence: a few resident gentlemen have set the example of an improved English system of fencing. Notwithstanding the undulatory character of the plain country, which renders the land less retentive of moisture than the contiguous county of Kilkenny, large tracts of the tillage land require draining. In many parts, a mode of drawing the water off pasture lands, called pipe-draining, has been introduced from Limerick: it consists of a narrow drain, covered with a thick surface sod, resting on an offset on each side. In some parts of the Ormonds, and on the lands of the principal gentry, the most approved systems of green-cropping are practised: the raising of clover has become general among the farmers, by whom rape, flax, vetches, and hemp are occasionally sown, though not to any great extent. Flax is cultivated in small plots, on the headlands or in a corner of the field, for domestic use only. The fields are generally very small, even in the dairy districts seldom exceeding five or six acres, and in tillage land being from two to four. The number and width of the ditches in such a mode of arrangement must throw much land out of cultivation. Great improvements have taken place latterly in the breeds of every kind of cattle: the breed most esteemed for the dairy is the Irish cow crossed by the Holderness or Durham, the latter of which seems to thrive best on every soil but the limestone, where the cross between the Devon and Limerick answers better: the Kerry cow crossed by the Old Leicester is small, but fattens rapidly in the lowland pastures. Sheep are seldom seen except with the gentry and large farmers: the defective system of fencing, the small holdings and subsequent minute subdivisions of the fields tend to exclude them from the management of the small farmer: in the mountain districts the small old hairy country breed is still to be found. Pigs are very numerous, forming part of the stock from the highest to the lowest landholder: they grow rapidly, are easily fattened, and much care is bestowed on them: great numbers are shipped for England both alive and dead. The breeding and improvement of horses is also much attended to, although the number is now less than what it formerly was, the farmers having brought into use a greater number of asses and mules to perform the drudgery. Some of the asses are of a large Spanish breed; they are almost everywhere used by the poorer classes.

There are very few woods, and these are mostly mere copses, consisting of underwood, or stunted oak, whitethorn and birch. The defect is in course of being remedied by the numerous plantations around the mansions of the gentry, in some of the glens and on the sides of the hills; the most extensive wood of this description is that in the western Galtees, round the mountain lodge of the Earl of Kingston. Several good nurseries for forest trees have been established, particularly in the neighbourhood of Clonmel, and great encouragement to plant is held out by many of the landed proprietors. The greatest extent of bog is that formed originally by the obstructed waters of the Nore, which constitutes a tract of 36,025 statute acres, between Roscrea, Urlingford, and Killenaule, forming part of the bog of Allen: its general elevation is about 400 feet above the level of the sea. This vast tract, now wholly unprofitable except for fuel, is, according to a computation made by the surveyors in 1811, capable of being reclaimed at the moderate expense of 5s. per acre, and of being converted into land of the best quality; but with the exception of petty encroachments and improvements on the borders, no attempt has hitherto been made to carry into execution the plans then deemed practicable. The great object is the removal of obstructions in the bed of the Nore, which flows through these morasses, and must form their main drain. There are several other detached bogs, all capable of being reclaimed, because they command a fall towards some one of the great rivers of the county. Yet, notwithstanding these extended tracts of turbary, the bog is so unequally distributed that the peasantry in many parts suffer much from the want of fuel; in the neighbourhood of Cahir, the women and children are chiefly employed in collecting every thing of a combustible nature from the ditches and roads. In 1786, one of the smaller bogs of the county overflowed, and submerged some lands in its progress to the Suir at Ballygriffin.

The mineral productions are various and important. The plain country forms part of the great limestone field of Ireland. The Roscrea and Devil's Bit mountains, which are a continuation of the Slievebloom range, consist of sandstone in mass, whose covering everywhere assumes the form of conglomerate: the Keeper and Bilboa mountains, in which this range terminates, consist of a nucleus of clay-slate surrounded by sandstone, except on the north, near the village of Silvermines, where the clay-slate comes immediately in contact with the limestone of the flat district, extending nearly to Lough Derg: the surrounding sandstone in some parts forms a red coarse conglomerate, similar to that of Lyons and Donabate, near Dublin, and is quarried for mill-stones. The Galtees, with the subordinate ridge of Slieve-na-muck, consist wholly of sandstone, the upper part of which forms strata from "one to two feet thick, gradually curving in the form of the summit: the sandstone of Slieve-na-muck is arranged in horizontal strata, which yield excellent flags. The Knockmeledown and Monavullagh mountains, ranging along the southern boundary of the county, are likewise composed of clay-slate, with sandstone at the base and horizontal strata of the same formation on their summits: the Slieve-na-man group is of analogous structure, consisting of a nucleus of clay-slate surrounded and surmounted by sandstone, which is connected with the sandstone hills stretching by Nine-mile-house towards Carrick-on-Suir and Thomastown. The clay-slate to the east of Slieve-na-man, extending towards Kilmagany, yields good slates, particularly in the quarries of Inchinagloch, or the Ormond quarries. The Killenaule coal district chiefly occupies a low range of heights extending to Coalbrook, on the north-east, a distance of about 5 miles. The strata constituting this formation are shale and sandstone, the principal bed of the latter forming the main body of the elevated part of the coal hills; the whole occupy a depression in the limestone strata, from the borders of which they dip to a common centre, those declining from the northwest having a descent about twice as rapid as those from the south-eastern margin. This bed of sandstone forms narrow troughs or basins lying north-east and south-west, in which are beds of fire-clay, forming the immediate floor of the coal and covered next it by two beds of shale and one of iron rock. In some instances this series appears to be repeated, two or more seams of coal lying one above the other in the same trough, which are generally from 40 to 43 yards from the surface to the upper bed of coal, with a breadth of from 500 to 700 yards. The fire-clay under the coal varies in thickness from four to nine feet, and is everywhere interspersed with vegetable impressions, apparently of grasses, which, when fresh, have a glossy surface. The roof also exhibits vegetable impressions of a similar kind, chiefly of ferns, reeds and grasses, but occasionally of shells. The coal of the whole district is of the kind called stone or blind coal, similar to that of Kilkenny and Queen's county. The value of the quantity annually raised, previously to 1825, amounted to about £12,000, but has since nearly doubled. The increase is attributable in a great measure to the exertions of the Mining Company of Ireland, who took several of the mines on lease, among which were those of Glangoole, Ballygalavan, and Boulintlea, the last-named of which is said to be the most extensive coalfield in Ireland, and opened that of Mardyke in 1827. The principal colliery worked by an individual is that of Coalbrook, the property of Mr. Langley, in which the beds of coal are not only more extended but nearer the surface and more regularly stratified than any others in the same . neighbourhood: a singular feature in the strata of these collieries is their occasional interruption by what are technically called "hags" or "faults," which consist of substitutions of firm shale in lieu of coal, commonly from three to five yards broad, ranging across the troughs in a north-western and south-eastern direction. The Coalbrook colliery has been worked for more than a century by the family of the present proprietor, and was the only mine of any importance kept open previously to the Mining Company's undertaking: the first steam-engine in this part of the country was erected in it. There are now extensive collieries in full operation at Ballinastick and Earl's Hill, belonging to Mr. Going. The troughs generally contain two or three seams of coal from one to two feet thick, covering a space varying from 50 to 600 acres. The undulating surface being favourable to the construction of adit levels, most of the seams were worked to the depth at which this mode was available before much use was made of steam power. One fourth of the produce of the seam is pure coal and the remainder culm: the former is peculiarly adapted to every purpose where a strong regular heat is required; it possesses about 87 per cent, of pure carbon, and, therefore, without any preliminary preparation, it is fit for the use of the maltster, and is carried to great distances for brewers, distillers, millers, and smiths: the culm is in great demand for burning lime, and is likewise made up into balls with a mixture of clay, and used in the kitchen: the charge for the coal at the pit's mouth varies from 20s. to 40s. per ton, according to the quality; that of the culm from 16s. to 18s. The collieries in which steam-engines are employed are worked on the most approved principles, the engine pits being sunk in the lowest part of the field whence the coal is raised: eight engines are now erected in the district, in which 34 pits are at work, giving employment to upwards of 1000 persons. In the Coalbrook pits several valuable seams of iron stone, yielding about 30 per cent, of metal, have been found, which have not yet been turned to profitable account. The Mining Company likewise possesses extensive slate quarries in the hilly tract adjoining the lower extremity of Lough Derg. Until a late period the produce of these quarries had to be conveyed by a land carriage of six miles to Killaloe, whence it was taken by boats along the Shannon or canal, although they lie within two miles of the Shannon navigation; but a new line of road thither, and the erection of a small quay in a bay in Lough Derg, allow it now to be conveyed at a greatly reduced scale of carriage to every part of the country with which the Shannon or the canals communicate. The produce of the mine has been about 7000 tons annually. The same company had the slate quarries at Derry, close to the shipping quay on the Shannon, but these are, now held by John Salmon, of Derryville, near Killaloe, Esq.; and also those at Glenpatrick, east of Clonmel, of great magnitude and returning a good profit. But the mineral works of earliest celebrity are the copper and lead mines near Silvermines. They were first worked by an English company who extracted a considerable proportion of silver from the ore; when their lease expired about a century ago, new veins were opened and the works extended in different directions by successive companies. Mr. Hudson, the last lessee, sold his interest to the Mining Company, who, after sinking some expensive shafts, relinquished the attempt. The works were opened in four places called the Old Works, Knockeen, and Kevestown, on Lord Dunally's estate, and Garryard, on that of Lord Norbury. The Old Works were carried on in a space between the clay-slate and limestone rock, which here approach each other, being several fathoms wide at the surface, but contracting until it closes at the depth of about 25 fathoms. This was filled with clay, sand, decomposed slate, and scattered blocks of limestone, lydian stone, and hornstone; the whole mass being penetrated and cemented by metallic deposits, consisting of iron ochre in various stages of induration, iron pyrites, white lead ore, galena, malachite (the value of which was unknown and it was therefore thrown away), copper pyrites, with calcareous spar and heavy spar. In Knockenroe is a powerful vein, consisting at the surface principally of quartz and iron pyrites, with some heavy spar, galena, blende, and copper pyrites. In Knockeen are various others, comprising the same substances. About five miles to the east of Newport is the old copper mine of Lackamore, the workings of which were very extensive, and an attempt was made to renew them at the beginning of the present century, but was abandoned on account of the insufficiency of the machinery to draw off the water. It was subsequently worked by the Mining Company, and yielded ores worth from £20 to £30 per ton, but has again been abandoned as unprofitable. Here are two veins running through clay-slate, and composed of brown spar, calcareous spar, clay, and iron ochre, more or less indurated, a few inches in width; and a third vein of the same material, but of greater thickness, and comprising rich copper ore in bunches at Cappaghwhite, Ballysinode, and Gurtdrum, in this county: these were also held on lease by the Mining Company, who seem, however, to have made no attempt to work the two first, but on the last they made an outlay, in 1826, of £300, apparently without any return. Ores of zinc and manganese are common in various places, but no efforts are now being made to work them.

With the exception of an extensive cotton-manufactory at Clonmel, of recent establishment, the county may be considered to be wholly devoid of manufactures. The ancient staple manufacture of wool, of which Clonmel and Carrick-on-Suir formed the centre, was suppressed by the parliamentary regulations made shortly after the Revolution for the avowed purpose of confining the woollen manufacture to England and substituting that of linen in its place in Ireland; yet, notwithstanding this discouragement, stuffs and ratteens were made in large quantities until the close of the last century; and blankets and flannels, much prized for their warmth and durability, are still manufactured in various places. Flax and linen had been manufactured on a small scale, chiefly for domestic consumption, for many years, and a few grants towards the erection of scutching mills were made by the Linen Board from 1817 to 1823. In 1822, the London Society for the relief of the western counties in Ireland, during the famine occasioned by the failure of the crops, besides supplying nearly £6000 to purchase food for the poor of this county, remitted £2500 for the employment of the peasantry in the linen manufacture; in addition to which grant, other sums were contributed by various charitable societies and by the Linen Board. Societies were consequently formed in seventeen of the most important places by ladies of rank and respectability, (among whom was the Countess of Glengall, who allotted 50 acres of land at Cahir for the growth of flax) to form and superintend establishments for carrying on the manufacture; but notwithstanding these exertions, the linen trade, after languishing a few years, may be said to be nearly extinct in the county. Flour is now the staple manufacture; there being 61 large mills for grinding it on the several rivers throughout the county; and this branch of industry is deemed to be of such importance that some of the wealthiest individuals in the country have embarked their property in it. The commerce of the county consists in the extensive exportation of its agricultural produce, the chief mart being Clonmel, from which the export trade is so great that the farmer is here always certain of a favourable market. The market of Thurles is the second in importance, and the others for agricultural produce are those of Carrick-on-Suir, Cahir, Tipperary, Cashel, Templemore, Roscrea, and Nenagh. Carrick-on-Suir, like Clonmel, exports by Waterford to the English markets; Nenagh sends to Limerick, by the Shannon navigation, and to Dublin by the Grand Canal; Roscrea, to Dublin, by the Grand Canal; and Templemore, Thurles, Cashel, Tipperary, and Cahir generally send their products by land carriage to Clonmel or Waterford. The rich southern and eastern plains contribute, perhaps, one-half to the vast exports from Waterford of flour, oatmeal, barley, horned cattle, sheep, and pigs.

The principal rivers are the Shannon, the Suir, and the Nore. The Shannon, with its noble expansion, Lough Derg, forms the western boundary of the county from the mouth of the lesser Brosna to within a few miles of Limerick, a distance of about 40 statute miles, throughout the whole of which it is navigable, and displays a grand succession of striking and beautiful scenery: it receives several streams from the Kilnamanagh hills, of which the most important is that from Nenagh. The Suir, in consequence of the great length of its course throughout the entire county from north to south, forms the grand outlet for the superfluous waters of by far the greater portion of it. The principal tributaries from the baronies to the east of its course are the Derryhogan, the Littleton, and the Anner; from the hills of Kilnamanagh, three considerable streams, which discharge their waters into it near Golden; from the Galtee mountains, the Dunbeg, through the beautiful glen of Aherlow; and from the Cummeragh mountains in Waterford, the copious waters of the Nier. The Nore, from its source in the Slievebloom mountains, flows eastward for about ten miles through this county, in its way towards Burros-in-Ossory and Kilkenny; and though it has a fall of 71 feet in this distance, the various interruptions to its current have chiefly caused the formation of the vast tracts of bog extending along that part of the county.

With the exception of the Shannon and the Suir, the rivers present greater facilities for irrigation and mill-sites than for inland navigation. An extension of the Grand Canal by Mountmellick, Roscrea and Cashel, to Carrick-on-Suir, was at one period proposed. Another extension was designed to proceed along the western side of the Slievebloom and Keeper range: and in the report of the Board of Works, in 1831, it is recommended to form a still-water communication between Parsonstown and the river Shannon, by a canal, nearly parallel with the lesser Brosna. In 1825, the late Mr. Nimmo, by desire of the resident proprietors, made a survey and estimate for the construction of a railway, to connect the towns of Cahir, Clonmel, and Carrick-on-Suir, with an extension in one direction to Limerick and in the other to Waterford, and with a branch to the Killenaule coal district. It was proposed to extend this line from Cahir to Tipperary, with a branch to Thurles, but no steps have yet been taken to execute this plan. A proposed line of railway from Dublin to Cork is intended to enter this county near Callen, and to proceed through Fethard, Cahir, and Clogheen to Ballyporeen, near which it is to enter the county of Cork. The roads of common construction are generally in good order, more especially the mail coach roads. Two lines of cross road deserve especial notice: they are called Anglesey's roads, from having been commenced in 1828 under the immediate order of the Marquess of Anglesey, then Lord-Lieutenant: one, connecting the towns of Newport and Thurles, was completed in 1830, at an expense of £9857: the other, from Nenagh to Tipperary, has been more recently finished, at an expense of about £17,200. The great object of their construction was to open a communication into the mountains through which they extend, which had been for many years the asylum of outlaws and of robbers: they also afford the means of agricultural improvement to the whole district, by the introduction of lime from the surrounding quarries. A new line has been opened from Mitchelstown to Tipperary; another from Lismore to Mitchelstown through the Knockmeledown range; and a third is also in course of formation, being an extension of the Mitchelstown line, from Tipperary by Dundrum, in the direction of Thurles, thence to be continued toward Durrow, and to form part of the grand mail line between Dublin and Cork, by which the distance between these cities will be shortened 33 miles. Great facilities of intercourse throughout the country are afforded by the exertions of Mr. Bianconi, an intelligent Italian settled at Clonmel, who first established a communication between Clonmel and Cahir by a jaunting car in 1815, and now has depots of cars and horses in every post-town in the county, and in all the counties of Munster except Clare, and of Connaught except Sligo, and in the counties of Carlow, Kilkenny, King's, Queen's, Longford, Westmeath, and Wexford in Leinster, in which 84 cars, 816 horses, and 469 men are constantly engaged; some of them carry the cross mails.

The most numerous remains of antiquity are the raths or earthworks of various kinds, scattered over the surface of the county. There are also many little mounds, called Clogh Breagh, or "Stones of Sorrow," said to have been formed by passengers casting a stone each on a spot where any person had met with a violent death. There are yet standing within the limits of the county two ancient round towers, in good preservation, one on the rock of Cashel, and the other at Roscrea. In a small bog near Cullen have been found an amazing number of valuable relics of a very remote period of antiquity: they include utensils of brass; ingots, plates, plain pieces, and numerous ornaments of gold; a quantity of arrow and spear heads; gold cups, tubes, rings, and chains; brass spears of very extraordinary form, and other articles of a similar kind. The number of religious houses is stated to have been 40, and there are still remains of those of Ardfinnan, Athassel, the Dominican and Franciscan houses at Cashel, Clonmel, Corbally, Fethard, Holy Cross, Hore Abbey, Lorragh (where there are the remains of three religious edifices), Monaincha, Roscrea, Thurles, and Kilcooly. There is also an old decayed ecclesiastical building at Mullinahone, and numerous decayed parish churches. But the ruins that claim pre-eminent notice are those on the rock of Cashel, described in the account of that city, which see. Remains of ancient castles are to be met with in every part. The most remarkable of the castles are those of Nenagh Round, Ardfinnan, Cahir, Lismalin, Grestown, Gralla near Killenaule, Mealiffe, Drumban in the parish of Mealiffe, two at Roscrea, and two at Thurles; besides which may be particularly noticed the old castellated mansion in the town of Carrick-on-Suir; Carrick Castle, formerly the seat of the Earl of Carrick; and Killaghy Castle, that of F. Despard, Esq. Burnt Court is a very fine specimen of an ancient fortified mansion, and there are some remains of another at Thurles. The modern mansions of the nobility and gentry are noticed in their respective parishes. The celebrated natural caves near Mitchelstown, lately discovered, are in the parish of Templetenny, in this county, under which head a detailed description of them is given. The title of Earl of Tipperary is enjoyed by His Royal Highness Prince Adolphus Frederick, Duke of Cambridge.

TIPPERARY, a market-town and a parish, in the barony of CLANWILLIAM, county of TIPPERARY, and province of MUNSTER, 18 1/4 miles (W. N. W.) from Clonmel, and 100 3/4 (S. W.) from Dublin, on the mail coach road from Waterford to Limerick; containing 7996 inhabitants, of which number, 6972 are in the town. This place, which is of great antiquity, is supposed to have derived its name, Tipra-Rae, signifying in the Irish language "the well of the plains," and of which its present appellation is only a slight modification, from its situation at the base of the Slieve-na-muck hills, forming a portion of the Galtee mountains. A castle was erected here by King John for the defence of the territory acquired by the English, to which may be attributed the growth of the town, and the subsequent foundation of a monastery for Augustinian canons in the reign of Hen. III. contributed materially to its increase. The town, which gives name to the county, appears to have had formerly a corporation, from a grant made in 1310 by Edw. II. to "the Bailiffs and Good Men of Typerary," allowing them "murage (as Adare) for three years." In 1329 the town was burnt by Breyn O'Breyn, but the monastery appears to have subsisted till the dissolution, when it was granted by Hen. VIII. to Dermot Ryan, at a yearly rent of eightpence.

The present town is situated on the river Arra, and consists of one principal street, from which several smaller streets branch off at right angles; in 1831 it contained 1042 houses, several of which are well built and of handsome appearance. The inhabitants are supplied with water from a public fountain, erected at the expense of Stafford O'Brien, Esq., who, with the representatives of John Smith Barry, Esq., is joint proprietor of the town; the streets are cleansed under the provisions of the act of the 9th of Geo. IV., under which also it will be watched and lighted. Considerable improvements have been made and are still in progress; many of the old houses have been taken down and new buildings, erected, and the town has a very neat and thriving appearance: a penny post to Cappaghwhite and Bansha has been established: there are temporary barracks for the accommodation of 100 infantry. The principal trade is in agricultural produce, which is purchased in the market and sent by water carriage to Waterford and Limerick, to which places also about 30,000 casks of butter are sent annually; and there is a large retail trade for the supply of the populous and extensive surrounding district. The markets, which are amply supplied, are on Thursday and Saturday; and fairs are held on April 5th, June 24th, Oct. 10th, and Dec. 10th. The market-house, over which is a news-room, a neat building in the centre of the town, and the shambles, were erected at the expense of the late J. S. Barry, Esq. This place is the residence of the chief magistrate of police for the district, who has generally from 20 to 25 men stationed here; and there is a small bridewell, containing four cells, two day-rooms and two airing-yards. Petty sessions are held every Thursday.

The parish comprises 4263 statute acres, as applotted under the tithe act: the land is of excellent quality, and in a high state of cultivation; the system of agriculture is improved, and there is no waste land. Limestone of good quality is quarried in the vicinity, and adjoining the quarry is also one of building stone. The principal seats are Sadleir's Wells, the residence of W. Sadleir, Esq., a handsome house in a fine demesne, the grounds and gardens of which are tastefully laid out; Scalliheen, of -- Sadleir, Esq.; Roesborough, of J. Roe, Esq., finely situated in an improved demesne; and Pegsborough, of G. Bradshaw, Esq. The living is a rectory, in the diocese of Cashel, united by act of council, in 1682, to the rectory and vicarage of Templenoe and the rectories of Clonbulloge and Kilfeacle, and in the patronage of the Bishop: the tithes amount to £276. 18. 5 1/2. The glebe-house is in the parish of Templenoe; the glebes together comprise 40 1/4 acres, and the gross value of the benefice is £967. 7. 8 1/2. per annum. The church, situated in the town, was erected in 1830, for which purpose the late Board of First Fruits advanced a loan of £2500, and the Ecclesiastical Commissioners have recently granted £127 for its repair. The R. C. parish is co-extensive with that of the Established Church: there is a small chapel in the town, which is about to he rebuilt on a larger scale; also a place of worship for Wesleyan Methodists. About 400 children are taught in three public schools, of which two, one a classical school, are supported by the trustees of Erasmus Smith's charity; and there are 16 private schools, in which are about 530 children, a dispensary attended by a resident physician and an apothecary, and a fever hospital. On the lawn in front of the classical school-house are some remains of the Augustinian monastery, consisting chiefly of an arched gateway, from which circumstance the school building is called Abbey House. There is a chalybeate spring in the adjoining hills, which is much frequented during summer.

TIPPERKEVIN, a parish, in the barony of UPPER-CROSS, county of DUBLIN, and province of LEINSTER, 3 miles (W. S. W.) from Blessington; containing 791 inhabitants. This parish comprises 1682 acres, as applotted under the tithe act; the state of agriculture is gradually improving, and a great number of calves are fattened here for the Dublin market. Slate exists, but it is not at present worked. It is a rectory, in the diocese of Dublin, constituting the corps of the prebend of Tipperkevin in the cathedral of St. Patrick, Dublin, and in the patronage of the Archbishop: the tithes amount to £117. 16. 8., and there is a glebe of 80 acres. The church is a neat edifice, in the later English style, erected about seven years since by aid of a grant of £900 from the late Board of First Fruits, and the Ecclesiastical Commissioners have lately granted £164 for its repair. In the R. C. divisions the parish forms part of the union or district of Ballymore-Eustace. At Barretts-town are the ruined castle of that name, and an ancient burial-ground; and at Slieve Ruagh, Dawdingstown, and Bishop's Hill, are moats or raths.

TISSASSON.--See TEIGHSASSON.

TITESKIN.--See KILTESKIN.

TOEM.--See TOOM.

TOGHER.--See ROUNDWOOD.

TOMB, a parish, partly in the barony of GOREY, but chiefly in that of SCARAWALSH, county of WEXFORD, and province of LEINSTER, 3 miles (S. W.) from Gorey, on the road to Enniscorthy; containing, with the post-town of Camolin, 1905 inhabitants. It is situated on the river Bann, and comprises 6322 statute acres, as applotted under the tithe act. Fairs for black cattle and pigs are held at Camolin, which see. The seats are Norrismount, the residence of Robt. Brownrigge, Esq., and Meadop Hall, of T. Smith, Esq. The living is a rectory, in the diocese of Ferns, united by act of council, in 1720, to those of Kilcomb and Rossmanogue, together constituting the corps of the prebend of Tomb, in the cathedral of Ferns, and in the patronage of the Bishop: the tithes amount to £276, and there is a glebe of 20 acres, also a glebe of 14 acres in Rossmanogue: the gross tithes of the benefice amount to £646. 3.

The church, a small plain structure with a low square tower, is situated in the town of Camolin. The ruins of an old church at Ballinclare still exist. In the R. C. divisions the parish is the head of the union or district called Camolin, belonging to the R. C. bishop of Ferns, and comprising also the parishes of Leskinfere (or Clough), Ballycannew, Rossmanogue, and the greater part of Kilnehue; the chapels are at Camolin, Craneford, Monaseed, and Balloughter. The parochial school, with apartments for the master, built on an acre of land given by the Earl of Mountnorris, is partly supported by subscription; about 40 children are educated in this school, and there are three private schools, in which are about 120 children, and a Sunday school.

TOMDEELY.--See DROMDELEY.

TOMFINLOE, or TOMFINLOGH, a parish, in the barony of BUNRATTY, county of CLARE, and province of MUNSTER, 4 miles (N. W.) from Six-mile-bridge, on the road to Ennis; containing, with the town of Newmarket-on-Fergus, 4053 inhabitants. It comprises 3424 statute acres, as applotted under the tithe act: the. land is in general rich, and chiefly in pasture; there is, however, some craggy land and bog: the state of agriculture has been much improved, chiefly owing to the example and exertions of Sir Edward O'Brien of Dromoland, Bart. Fairs and petty sessions are held at Newmarket, which see. Besides the seats noticed under the head of Newmarket, the following are also situated in this vicinity: Ballycar, the residence of Major John Colpoys; Shepperton, of Jno. Gabbutt, Esq.; Ralahine, of J. S. Vandeleur, Esq.; Caherbane, of Jas. Creagh, Esq.; Carrigeary, of Major Creagh; and Finloe, or Finlough, of H. P. Hickman, Esq., situated on the lake of that name. The parish is in the diocese of Killaloe; part of the rectory was episcopally united, in 1802, to those of Kilnasoolagh, Kilconry, Kilmaleery, Clonloghan, Dromline, Finogh, and Bunratty, together constituting the rectorial union of Tradree or Traddery, also called the union of Tomfinlogh, and in the patronage of the Earl of Egremont; the remainder of the rectory is appropriate to the bishop's mensal: the vicarage forms part of the union of Kilfinaghty. The tithes amount to £142. 14. 7., of which £61. 16. 0 3/4. is payable to the rector, £30. 18. 6 1/4. to the vicar, and the remainder to the bishop; the gross tithes of the rectorial benefice amount to £678. 14. 6 1/4. Adjoining the ruins of the old church is a glebe of 2 3/4 acres. In the R. C. divisions the parish forms part of the union or district of Newmarket: the chapel, a spacious building, is situated in the town. About 400 children are educated in the public and private schools of the parish, of which that at Ballycar is under the patronage of Major Colpoys, aided by a grant from the Baptist society. At Newmarket is an embroidery school, under the patronage of Lady O'Brien, also a school supported by Mrs. Studder, and a society of ladies. A large school-house has been lately built, in the town by Sir Edw. O'Brien, by whom the school, which will be placed under the National Board of Education, will be supported. The old castle of Ralahine still exists; and on Mohawn Hill is an ancient fort or rath of considerable dimensions.

TOMGRANEY, or TOMGRENEI, a parish, in the barony of TULLA, county of CLARE, and province of MUNSTER; containing, with the post-town of Scariff, and the village of Tomgraney, 5568 inhabitants, of which number, 400 are in the village. An abbey was founded here in the earliest age of Christianity in Ireland, and flourished for many centuries: in 886 and 994 it was plundered. The church and steeple were rebuilt in 964 by the venerable Cormac O'Killeen, abbot of this house as well as that of Roscommon, and both abbot and bishop of Clonmacnois. In 1027 the steeple is said to have been again rebuilt by the great Brien Boroimhe, but in 1084 the abbey was reduced to ashes by O'Rourke of Breffny, who was, however, overtaken and slain by the men of this county. In 1164 it was again destroyed, and after being rebuilt was plundered about the year 1170. The only ancient ecclesiastical building now existing is the parish church, which is in the Norman style of architecture. The parish is situated on the river and bay of Scariff, opening into Lough Derg on the Shannon, and on the new line of road from Killaloe to Portumna, constructed chiefly along the shores of the lough. It comprises 7779 statute acres; the land is in general excellent, and the soil in the vicinity of Scariff consists of limestone shale; limestone and granite abound, and there is a considerable portion of re-claimable bog: the state of agriculture has been much improved. Great facility of communication with Dublin and Limerick is afforded by the vessels of the Inland Steam Navigation Company, which ply daily between those places. Fairs are held at the village on March 17th, May 17th, June 2nd, and Oct. 10th; and petty sessions on alternate Fridays: a court for the manor of Raheens is also held there once a fortnight. The seats are Raheens, that of the Rev. Thos. B. Brady, abounding with fine timber and well stocked with deer; Drewsborough House, of Fras. Drew, Esq.; Ballyvannon House, of Lord Dunboyne; and Shannon View, of M. Reddan, Esq.; all commanding most interesting views of Lough Derg and the surrounding scenery. The living is a rectory, in the diocese of Killaloe, held from time immemorial with one-third part of the rectory of Kilballyhone, together constituting the corps of the prebend of Tomgraney, in the patronage of the Rev. Thos. B. Brady, the present incumbent. The tithes amount to £415. 7. 8 1/2., and, including the portion of Kilballyhone, to £498. 9. 3. The glebe comprises 11a. 2r. 23p.; the glebe-house was built in 1814, when the late Board of First Fruits gave £100 and lent £1500 for its erection. The ancient church, a small building without a tower, has been lately repaired and improved, the Ecclesiastical Commissioners having granted £124 for that purpose. In the R. C. divisions the south-western portion of the parish forms the head of the district of Tomgraney, which also includes the parish of Kilnoe; and the north-eastern portion forms the head of the district of Scariff, which also comprises the parish of Moynoe. In the former district are the chapels of Tomgraney and Bodike, and in the latter, those of Scariff and Knock-O'Grady: the chapel of Bodike is in the parish of Kilnoe, and the three others are in this parish. About 90 children are educated in two private schools. At Tomgraney are the remains of an old castle, and nearly in the centre of the village rises a singularly shaped rock. Lead ore exists in the vicinity, but it has not been worked; and at Ballymalone is a chalybeate spring.

TOMHAGGARD, a parish, in the barony of BARGY, county of WEXFORD, and province of LEINSTER, 8 miles (S.) from Wexford, on the road to Kilmore; containing 723 inhabitants. This parish, which is situated at the north-western extremity of the lake of Tacumshane, comprises 1825 statute acres, as rated for the county cess, and, together with the surrounding neighbourhood, is remarkable for its high state of cultivation, chiefly owing to the example and personal exertions of the late James Harvey, Esq., of Bargy Castle, who for several years distributed premiums at his own expense for improvements in agriculture. Sea-weed is brought up the lake and generally used for manure; building stone is found in the parish. Bargy Castle, which gives name to the barony, is supposed to have been built either by Harvey de Montemarisco or some other early Anglo-Norman settler; but no part of that ancient fortress is now remaining, except what is incorporated with the present and comparatively modern castellated mansion, flanked with towers, and surmounted with battlements. It is now the seat of Mrs. Harvey, widow of the late J. Harvey, Esq., whose predecessor, B. Bagnal Harvey, Esq., on the evacuation of Wexford by the king's troops, was induced to take the command of the insurgents, which he held but for a short time. After the termination of the disturbances he took refuge in the great Saltee island, but was discovered and brought to Wexford, where he was tried and executed; the estate, however, which was at first forfeited to the Crown, was subsequently restored to the family. The living is a rectory, in the diocese of Ferns, episcopally united to the vicarages of Kilturk and Kilmore, and in the patronage of the Bishop: the tithes amount to £203. 2. 6., and the gross tithes of the benefice to £398. 11. 1. The glebes of the union, which are contiguous to the sites of the respective churches, comprise 26 acres. The church is in ruins; that of the union is at Kilturk. In the R. C. divisions the parish forms part of the union or district of Kilmore, and contains a chapel. In the parochial school and two national schools, one of which is attached to the chapel, about 170 children are educated. Near the chapel is a holy well, dedicated to St. Anne, where, on July 26th, a patron is held; and on the eve of this patron the relatives of deceased persons deck their graves with flowers.

TOMREGAN, a parish, partly in the barony of KNOCKNINNY, county of FERMANAGH, and partly in that of LOWER LOUGHTEE, but chiefly in the barony of TULLAGHAGH, county of CAVAN, and province of ULSTER, on the road from Belturbet to Swanlinbar; containing, with the post-town of Ballyconnell (which is separately described), 4118 inhabitants. This parish, which is situated on the river Woodford, comprises, according to the Ordnance survey, 10,678 statute acres, of which 3200 3/4 are in the county of Fermanagh, and of the remainder 2256 1/4 are in Lower Loughtee, and 5221 in Tullaghagh, county of Cavan; 6644 statute acres are applotted under the tithe act, and 275 are under water. The river Woodford has its source in the county of Leitrim, and after reaching Woodford, formerly the residence of the Gore family, and from which it takes its name, passes through two lakes, and becoming deep and broad might at a very trifling expense be made navigable to Lough Erne, a distance of nearly nine miles. The lands are in a very indifferent state of cultivation; a large portion that might be rendered profitable is allowed to remain waste: there is abundance of bog, affording a good supply of fuel. The mountainous parts abound with iron-ore and coal, which might be easily raised, but no regular works have been established, though some of the coal has been sent to Ballyhays, Cavan, and to the great iron-works at Arigna. Slieve Russell, which borders on Fermanagh, and is the highest land in this county, is partly within the parish; it is chiefly waste and barren, the surface being in some parts very rocky, and in others a mere swamp. Lead and silver-ore have been brought down the stream which flows from the mountain of Ortnacullagh, in the vicinity of the parish. There are some quarries of excellent limestone and granite, and marble is also found in some of the townlands; the materials for Cavan court-house, Clancorris castle, and the episcopal palace of Kilmore, were supplied from these quarries. Ballyconnell House, the residence of John Enery, Esq., beautifully situated in a fine demesne on the Woodford river, is within the parish. There are a small bleaching-mill and flour-mill.

The living is a rectory and vicarage, in the diocese of Kilmore, and in the patronage of the Bishop: the tithes amount to £129. 13. 4. The glebe-house was built in 1812, at an expense of £1385 British, of which £969 was a loan and £92 a gift from the late Board of First Fruits: the glebe comprises 380 acres, valued at £381.13. 3., of which 50 acres are bog, and the remainder arable and pasture land. The church was built about 80 years since at the expense of the late Col. Montgomery, and was enlarged in 1820 at an expense of £923 British, of which half was a gift and half a loan from the same Board; it has recently been further improved at an expense of £70, of which £60 was contributed by the Rev. Mr. Carson, and the remainder by the Rev. J. Storey, the incumbent; it occupies a picturesque situation on the road to Ballinamore, and with the adjacent school-house forms a pleasing object as seen from the mountains. In the R. C. divisions the parish is partly in the union or district of Knockninny, and partly in that of Drumlaine, but chiefly in that of Kildallon; the chapel, at Ballyconnell, is a plain building roofed with thatch. There is a place of worship for Wesleyan Methodists. The school-house at Ballyconnell was built at an expense of £227, of which part was defrayed by the incumbent, part by Government, and part from the Ballyconnell estate; it contains school-rooms for boys and girls, and residences for the master and mistress, and is open to the children of all the poor. There are also schools at Cranaghan, Corramore, Mulnagorman, Gorteree, Gortenedden, and Killiwilly, aided by private subscriptions: about 600 children are educated in these schools, and about 70 in two private schools. In the mountains are some curious caves.

TOOM, or TOEM, a parish, in the barony of KILNEMANAGH, county of TIPPERARY, and province of MUNSTER, 6 1/2 miles (N. W.) from TIPPERARY; containing 3566 inhabitants. This parish, which is also called Toemverig, is situated on the river Anycarthy, near the new line of road from Tipperary to Nenagh, and was noted for its priory of Canons Regular, dedicated to St. Donan, who was formerly honoured here as patron, and was probably the founder. This house, which was a cell to the abbey of Inchenemeo, subsisted till the dissolution, and was granted by Queen Elizabeth, in the 28th of her reign, to Miler Magrath, Archbishop of Cashel. The parish comprises some extensive tracts of mountain, which might be easily reclaimed, and there are large tracts of bog both on the mountain and low lands, and considerable quantities of marl. The seats are Kilbeg, that of S. Bradshaw, Esq.; and Mountain Glen, of S. Chadwick, Esq. The living is a perpetual curacy, in the diocese of Cashel, and in the patronage of the Archbishop, to whose mensal the rectory is appropriate: the tithes amount to £215. 8. 4 1/2. The church is a small dilapidated building, and it is in contemplation to erect another; in the meantime divine service is performed at Cappagh House, the residence of Mrs. Hunt, in the village of Cappaghwhite, which see. In the R. C. divisions the parish is partly a district of itself, called Cappaghwhite, from the chapel being in that village; and partly in the union of Templebeg: there is also a chapel at Carnavarcha. About 270 children are taught in three public schools, of which two are supported by Lord Lismore and the perpetual curate; and there is also a Sunday school. There is a chalybeate spring in the parish, in great repute.

TOOMAVARA, a village, in the parish of AGHNAMADLE, barony of UPPER ORMOND, county of TIPPERARY, and province of MUNSTER, 5 1/2 miles (E. by N.) from Nenagh, on the mail coach road from Dublin to Limerick; containing 790 inhabitants. This place, of which the name signifies "the burial-place of the O'Mearas," is a constabulary police station; and has fairs on Whit-Monday, July 27th, Sept. 29th, and Nov. 4th, chiefly for cattle, corn, and butter. A stream runs through the village, on which is a good site for a mill. In the R. C. divisions it is the head of a union or district, comprising the parishes of Aghnamadle and Ballymackey, in each of which is a chapel; that in the village is a neat building. Here are a national school and a dispensary. Some ruins are supposed to be those of a preceptory of the Knights Templars; near the village stand the two ancient castles of Knockane and Blane.

TOOME, a post-town, in the parish of DUNEANE, barony of UPPER TOOME, county of ANTRIM, and province of ULSTER, 22 1/2 miles (W. N. W.) from Belfast, on the road to Londonderry, and 102 1/2 (N. by W.) from Dublin; containing 122 inhabitants. This place, which gives name to the barony, had at a very early period a ford or ferry across the river Bann, which formed the only pass from one part of Ulster to the other, and on the first invasion of the English was considered to be of so much importance that De Courcey erected a castle here for its protection. It has been the scene of many sanguinary contests, its name being conspicuous in the history of all the insurrections that have occurred in this part of the country. In the parliamentary war the castle was surprised and taken by the R. C. bishop of Clogher, in 1650, but was soon after taken by Col. Venables, an officer in Oliver Cromwell's army, by whose orders it was subsequently dismantled. In the disturbances of 1798, a body of insurgents, after their defeat at Antrim, retreated from Randalstown to this place and posted themselves on the eastern side of the river, where they remained for two days, and on the approach of Gen. Knox, who was marching hither with 1500 of the yeomanry, to prevent the disaffected of Derry from joining them, they broke down one of the arches of the bridge, with a view to interrupt his progress. The town, which contains only about 20 houses, is situated on the eastern bank of the river Bann, over which in its short course from Lough Beg into Lough Neagh is a handsome bridge, erected at the sole expense of the late Earl O'Neill. It has a sub-post-office to Randalstown and Castledawson, and is a constabulary police station. In the court-house are held petty sessions every fortnight, and the court for the manor of Mullaghgane. Near the spot where the river unites with Lough Neagh is a good wharf with a commodious quay. Fairs are held on March 28th and Dec. 4th, and a pleasure fair is held at the bridge on Easter-Monday. The remains of the castle have fallen from the cliff and are scattered on the strand of Lough Neagh; many cannon balls have been found near its site.

TORY, or TORRE, an island, in the parish of TULLAGHOBIGLY, barony of KILMACRENAN, county of DONEGAL, and province of ULSTER, on the north-west coast, three leagues (N. W.) from Horn Head, two leagues (N. E.) from Bloody Farland Point, and 12 miles (S. W.) from Dunfanaghy; containing, in 1835, 70 families. It is about three miles in length and one in breadth, comprising about 1200 acres, of which 205 are arable or pasture, the remainder being mountain or barren sands. Here is a lake called Lough Altin, of considerable extent. Clay is found of different kinds and colours, some of which is made by the inhabitants into earthen vessels capable of resisting a strong heat. The spinning of flax and wool is carried on to some extent, the females commencing as soon as they are able to sit at the wheel; the men are employed in agriculture and fishing. On the north point of the island is a lighthouse, in lat. 55°. 16'. 10". and lon. 8°. 15'. erected by the corporation for improving the port of Dublin in 1832: it is a bright fixed light, the lantern elevated 122 feet above the sea at high water, and may be seen for 17 nautical miles when the atmosphere is clear. With southerly winds a vessel may stop on the east side of the island in fair weather. The clay found in one of the churches is held in veneration as a preservative from injuries of any kind, particularly from fire. Ruins of several ecclesiastical buildings exist here, including those of an abbey of which St. Ernan, the son of St. Colman, was abbot about 650; another yet presents a steeple 64 feet high and 54 feet in circumference. Here are also two stone crosses, one 7 feet, the other 3 feet, in length. About a mile further off are the ruins of an old building, called by the inhabitants Ballaas Castle.

TOUGH, or TUORAGH, a parish, in the barony of OWNEYBEG, county of LIMERICK, and province of MUNSTER, 9 miles (S. E.) from Limerick, on the little river Mulcairn, or Mulchair; containing 3534 inhabitants. This parish comprises 1728 statute acres of land, some of which is very fertile, some indifferent, and some bog: it is partly under a tolerable system of cultivation, but generally the holdings are small and the inhabitants very poor. At Drumsally there is an extensive tract of turbary, around which stand a great number of wretched cabins. Fairs are held at the village of Cappamore, which see. Near the river is Tower Hill, a fine house and demesne, the residence of W. Lloyd, Esq. It is a rectory and vicarage, in the diocese of Emly, forming part of the union of Abington; the tithes amount to £250. In the R. C. divisions it is the head of a union or district, called Cappamore, comprising this parish and those of Clonkeen, Abington, and part of Doon: the chapel is a large plain edifice in the village. Here are parochial schools, and a school at Tower Hill; also four private schools, in which are about 180 children. Not far from Tower Hill are the ruins of the old church.

TOUGHCLUGGIN, a parish, in the barony of COONAGH, county of LIMERICK, and province of MUNSTER, on the confines of the county of Tipperary, 5 1/4 miles (N. W.) from Tipperary; containing 217 inhabitants. It is a vicarage, in the diocese of Emly, forming part of the union of Cullen; the rectory is impro-priate in W. Wilson, Esq. The tithes amount to £80, payable in moieties to the impropriator and the vicar.

TOWAGHTY, a parish, in the barony of CARRA, county of MAYO, and province of CONNAUGHT, on the road from Castlebar to Hollymount; containing, with the post-town of Ballyglass (which see), 1258 inhabitants, and comprising 3200 statute acres of good land, with but very little bog. Petty sessions are held at Ballyglass, which is also a constabulary police station. Within the parish is Tower-Hill, the beautiful seat of Major Blake, situated in a noble demesne; the house stands on an eminence commanding fine views of the surrounding country and the adjacent mountains of Partree. The living is a rectory, in the diocese of Tuam, entirely appropriate to the vicars choral of St. Patrick's, Dublin; the tithes amount to £60. The duties are performed by the curate of Balla, in the church of Drum. In the R. C. divisions it forms part of the union or district of Ballintobber.

TOWMORE, or TUYMORE, a parish, in the barony of GALLEN, county of MAYO, and province of CONNAUGHT, on the new mail coach road from Swinford to Ballina, and on the river Moy; containing, with the market and post-town of Foxford (which see), 3576 inhabitants. This parish comprises 1927 statute acres of fertile land under tillage, though there are extensive mountainous and rocky tracts, and it is for the most part surrounded by a chain of high mountains, rendering it remarkably salubrious. Iron-works were formerly carried on here, but when the fuel failed they were abandoned; and here are very superior quarries of flagstone, which is used for roofing houses. The river Moy is here particularly beautiful, receiving in its serpentine course the waters of other streams, which are discharged into the sea at Ballina. The gentlemen's seats are Dove Hall, the residence of S. Strogin, Esq.; Carrick, of P. Davis, Esq.; and Clongee, of T. Moore, Esq. It is a vicarage, in the diocese of Achonry, forming part of the union of Strade or Templemore; the rectory is impropriate in W. J. Bourke, Esq. The tithes amount to £208. 15. 8., equally divided between the impropriator and the vicar. The church, which is one of two in the union, is a plain modern building in the town of Foxford, erected in 1801 by parochial assessment, at an expense of about £400; a tower and gallery were added to it in 1826, by aid of a loan of £300 from the late Board of First Fruits. In the R. C. divisions the parish is a separate benefice; the chapel is a large slated building at Foxford. About 230 children are educated in three public schools, of which those at Laragan and Foxford are under the National Board, and the other is aided by subscriptions. Here is an old burial-ground, with the ruins of a church and the remains of an ancient monument, on which is an inscription now illegible; it is held in great veneration by the country people. In a garden at Foxford a brass coin or medal was found in 1835; it represents a bishop and a church, with a defaced motto, and on the reverse the words "Floreat Rex," with a crown and a harp, and a pope at his devotions, looking up to the crown.

TRABOLGAN, a ploughland in the parish of AGHADA, barony of IMOKILLY, county of CORK, and province of MUNSTER, 6 1/2 miles (S. W.) from Cloyne, on the eastern side of the entrance of Cork harbour: the population is returned with the parish. It comprises 842 statute acres as applotted under the tithe act. Here is an extensive and valuable slate quarry, employing a great number of workmen, whence slate of durable quality and excellent colour is procured. Roche's Tower light-house is within this ploughland, as is also the coast-guard station. The whole is the property of E. Roche, Esq., who has here an elegant house and demesne, noticed more particularly in the article on CORKBEG. It is ecclesiastically known as a particle, forming part of the mensal of the Bishop of Cork, to whom the tithes, amounting to £148. 1. 8. are payable: the cure of souls devolves upon the rector of Corkbeg.

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Some books on Irish names and genealogy

BAXTER, Angus. In search of your British and Irish Roots

BEGLEY, Donal F. Handbook on Irish Genealogy

DUFFY, Godfrey F. Tracing your Donegal Ancestors

FRANKLIN, Margaret. Tracing your Limerick Ancestors

GREHAN, Ida. Irish Family Names

GRENHAM, John. Clans and Families of Ireland

GRENHAM, John. Irish Ancestors: A Pocket Guide

GRENHAM, John. Tracing your Irish Ancestors

KINEALY, Christine. Tracing your Irish Roots

LEAHY, David. County Longford and its People

MacLYSAGHT, Edward. Irish Families: Their Names, Arms, and Origins

MacLYSAGHT, Edward. More Irish Families

MacLYSAGHT, Edward. Surnames of Ireland

MAXWELL, Ian. Researching Armagh Ancestors

MAXWELL, Ian. Researching Down Ancestors

McCARTHY & CADOGAN. Tracing your Cork Ancestors

O HOGAIN, Daithi. Irish Family Names

O MURCHADHA, D. Family Names of County Cork

O'FARRELL, Padraic. Irish Surnames

O'CONNOR, Michael. Tracing your Kerry Ancestors

OKANE, William. Irish Gravestone Inscriptions

RYAN & SMITH. Tracing your Dublin Ancestors

RYAN, James G. Irish Church Records

RYAN, James G. Sources for Irish Family History

SMITH, Brian. Tracing your Mayo Ancestors
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